| HAITI: THE MAGIC LAND
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| | fraudulent. Total political censorship
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| By Alejandro Guevara Onofre
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| | exists in national media.
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| INTRODUCTION
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| | 2004: This year Haiti is celebrating the
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| In 1492 Christopher Columbus wrote about
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| | 200th Anniversary of their National
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| Haiti: "The most beautiful in the world".
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| | Independence. President Jean-Bertrand
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| Certainly, Haiti is a wonderful country
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| | Aristide of Haiti flees to Central
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| in the Caribbean. I think that has a
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| | African Republic following
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| special beauty, with a geography and
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| | anti-government demonstrations. Haiti has
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| traditional culture that is totally
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| | one of the most violent conflict areas in
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| different from all the other countries in
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| | the Americas. After, UN troops sent to
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| Latin America.
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| | Haiti during civil sub-war.
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| Now, this essay is a historical
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| | 2006: Rene Preval is sworn in as
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| information about Haiti, the first black
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| | President of Haiti. Since the peaceful
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| republic in the modern history and one of
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| | transfer of power in February, Haiti is
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| the poorest nations on Earth. Each
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| | the newest democracy in the Third World.
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| chapter provides details on history,
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| | ECONOMY
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| economy, biographies, sport, awards,
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| | Like Bangladesh, Uganda or Tanzania,
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| foreign relations, culture and other
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| | Haiti is one of the poorest countries on
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| important aspects of Haiti. The people
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| | Earth. In 1997, the Haiti's economic
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| that don't know Haiti very much think
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| | growth rate (real GDP) per capita was U$
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| that Haiti is only one of the world's
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| | 1,300. GDP per capita for Namibia,
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| poorest countries, but the Island is
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| | Botswana and Equatorial Guinea are higher
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| known for its traditional culture,
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| | than for Haiti. In the country 4 million
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| hospitality, superstitions, history.
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| | people living on less than U$2 a day.
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| Furthermore, Haiti is the home to
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| | More than 6 million of the Haiti's
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| National Park History, one of the ancient
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| | population still does not have access to
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| wonders of the world, and renowned women
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| | potable water and electricity. For years
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| such as Edwidge Danticat and Michaëlle
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| | of dictatorships had left the country's
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| Jean were born there.
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| | economy in ruins. The country dependent
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| Since then, the dictatorships have
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| | on international aid. Several hundred
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| destroyed Haitian society, economy,
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| | thousand farm workers migrate each year
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| ecology and sport. Since 1950, two
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| | to Dominican Republic.
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| million Haitian people emigrated to the
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| | In 1997, total exports for the year were
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| United States and other countries.
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| | U$110 million, while total imports were
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| Haitian-American arrived from Haiti with
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| | US$ 486 million. Since 1804, the US
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| nothing more than their clothes. If we
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| | market has been the most important export
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| compare the Haiti of today to Haiti of
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| | destination for Haiti. Nearly 80 percent
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| thirty years ago, we see a change: a new
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| | of Haiti's total exports are destined for
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| multiparty democracy. Today, a vast part
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| | the United States. Haiti's exports
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| of the Third World and more than a
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| | include sisal, mangoes, coffee, cotton,
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| billion people are under dictatorships.
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| | bauxite, and sugar. The Island's imports
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| Eventually, I would like to finish my
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| | from the United States include cement,
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| introduction with a message by Albert
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| | oil, food, machinery and transport
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| Mangones: "Haiti is unique in history,
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| | equipment. France has been the second
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| going directly from slavery to
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| | largest exports destination for Haitian
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| nationhood".
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| | products.
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| CHRONOLOGY:
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| | In the past, the tourism industry
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| 1492: Columbus discovered Haiti in the
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| | occupied an eminent place in the Haitian
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| 15th Century.
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| | economy, but several political problems
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| 1520-1697: Haiti is a Spanish territory.
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| | have blocked tourism. Haiti was the first
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| In the late 1500 and early 1600, African
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| | country in the Caribbean to promote
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| slaves flocked to Island.
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| | tourism in an accelerated form. Haiti is
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| 1697-1790: Haiti is a French colony.
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| | a small country with vast mountains,
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| After 16th Century, Haiti became the most
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| | tropical beaches and beautiful historic
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| important French colony in the Americas.
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| | buildings.
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| Island´s export to Europe included
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| | CULTURE
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| sugar, coffee and corn. The beauty of
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| | Like Katherine Dunham, Lillian Hellman,
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| Haiti is recognized by the French in the
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| | W.B. Seabrook, Erik Leonard Ekman, Alejo
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| mid-1700 Century, when they called it
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| | Carpentier, Selden Rodman, Noel Coward
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| "Pearl the Caribbean".
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| | and Angeline Jolie, many people say that
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| 1790-1803: During the French colonization
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| | Haiti is the most beautiful country in
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| slaves suffers from maltreatment. By the
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| | the Caribbean. Known as the "Magic Land",
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| late 1790, pro-independence
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| | Haiti is famous for its culture.
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| demonstrations. An Anti-slavery movement
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| | Certainly, Haiti its culture, its
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| under Toussaint L´Ouverture began.
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| | superstitions and its music. The
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| L´Ouverture is one of the most important
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| | superstitions or voodoo plays a profound
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| black leaders in the history.During this
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| | role in the lives of many Haitians. The
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| period of time, Haitian slaves attack
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| | voodoo was introduced into Haiti in the
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| villages. Anti-French protests riots
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| | late 16th Century. Haiti is also famous
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| brutally suppressed. By the late 1803,
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| | for its painting, and finally for its
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| under leadership of Jean Jacques
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| | ruins…for example the Sans Souci
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| Dessalines, Haiti army defeated the
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| | Palace, the most famous ruins in the
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| French forces at the Battle of Vertieres.
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| | Caribbean. Exactly, this enigmatic palace
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| 1804-1806:A French colony for more than
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| | is considered a Cultural Heritage for
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| hundred years, Haiti becomes independent,
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| | Humanity by UNESCO. Originally
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| one of the most important events in the
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| | constructed by black slaves, now Sans
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| history. Jean Jacques Dessalines became
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| | Souci is one of Haiti's main tourist
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| the first president of new republic of
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| | attractions.
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| Haiti, the first black republic in the
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| | Since the late 1940s, Haitian painting,
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| modern history. Dessalines is the "Father
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| | best known as "naïve art" or "intuitive
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| of Modern Haiti". Haiti occupies the
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| | art", is famous all around the World. The
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| Western third of Hispaniola, the
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| | most important figure was Hector
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| second-largest Island in the Caribbean.
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| | Hyppolite. His work made its biggest
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| 1804-1820: Unfortunately; Haiti is
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| | splash in the United States in the 20th
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| divided into two zones. Northern Haiti is
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| | Century. Other artists known
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| occupied by Henri Christopher, who is
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| | internationally include Rigaud Benoit,
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| named Emperor, while the north is
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| | Castera Bazile, Joseph Jean-Giles and
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| occupied by Alexander Petion. Petion is
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| | Jean-Baptista Bottlex.Haiti is famous for
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| probably the greatest Haitian politician
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| | its traditional sculpture. The best
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| who ever lived.
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| | Haitian sculptor is Albert Mangoes.
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| 1880: Haiti has one of the richest
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| | FAMOUS HAITIAN
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| ecosystems in the Caribbean.
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| | Nelust Wyclef Jean (singer
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| 1900: Haiti´s modern political has been
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| | Haitian-American): Original member of
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| tumultuous, marked by dictatorships
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| | 1990s hip hop group The Fugees. Wyclef
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| 1915-1934: Haiti has not had an effective
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| | Jean is probably the most popular Haitian
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| national government Invasion by United
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| | singer of all time. Jean was born in
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| States forces. US troops sent to Haiti
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| | Croix des Bouquets (Haiti) on October 17,
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| during civil sub-war.
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| | 1972. When he was just ten years old, he
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| 1918: The Presidential Palace, one of the
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| | moved to the United States. Under
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| best national palaces in the world, is
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| | leadership of Wyclef Jean and Lauryn
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| originally designed by the Haitian
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| | Hill, The Fugees had several hits in the
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| Georges Bassan. Bassan is inspired to
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| | 1990s, including The Score (The Score
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| White House Washington.
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| | album sold 6 million copies). Since 1997,
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| 1926: Emily Greene Balch, a human rights
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| | Wyclef Jean, as soloist, became
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| activist, went to Haiti.
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| | well-known on the international music
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| 1928: Cator is the only Haitian ever to
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| | scene. Like songwriter and producer, Jean
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| win olympic silver medal. After, Haitian
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| | collaborated with superstars as Santana,
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| athlete Sylvio Cator breaks the men's
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| | Withney Houston, Mick Jagger,Bono,Tevin
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| long jump record in Paris. Cator was
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| | Cambpell, Bounty Killer, Eric Benet,
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| given a hero's welcome when he returned
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| | Sarah Connor, Claudette Ortiz, Tarkan,
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| to his country.
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| | Michael Jackson, Youssou N´Dor, Shakira,
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| 1937: In the Dominican Republic, Rafael
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| | Olga Tañon, Carlos Ponce and Julio
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| Leonidas Trujillo ordered national troops
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| | Voltio. During the last seven years, he
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| to massacre of 20000 Haitian emigrants.
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| | has sold more than 10 millions albums
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| 1940-1950: Haiti is one of the most
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| | worldwide. In 2002, his single Masquerade
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| popular travel destinations in the
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| | was a great success.
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| Caribbean.
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| | Since then, Wyclef Jean is a man that
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| 1944: Dewitt Peters, an American
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| | always works with love for Haiti, one of
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| school-teacher, founded the Centre d'Art
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| | the World's poorest countries. Recently,
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| in Port -au-Prince Since 1944, Centre
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| | he makes perhaps his best work: "Yele
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| d'Art became the centre of the Haitian
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| | Haiti", a foundation which works for the
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| painting. It is now one of Haiti´s
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| | human development in the Island. Like
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| biggest tourist attractions, and every
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| | Miriam Makeba in South Africa or Bianca
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| year thousands of people came to see the
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| | Jagger in Nicaragua, Jean loves his
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| paintings and other work of Haitian art.
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| | roots. In an interview for Magazine,
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| 1945: Haiti becomes the 26th member of
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| | Wyclef Jean discussed about Haitian
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| the United Nations in October.
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| | roots: "I am 100% Haitian. I am proud to
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| 1956: Haiti establishes diplomatic
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| | be Haitian. I still have my Haitian
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| relations with the Republic of China
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| | passport. I represent Haiti in everything
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| (Taiwan).
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| | that I do. Every head in the industry
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| 1956: Daniel Fignolé is President of the
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| | knows that I am Haitian…they know what
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| Provisional Council and Head of State of
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| | I'm about. I was Haitian forst. Haitian
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| Haiti
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| | till die!", said Jean.
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| 1957-1971:After working for a time as a
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| | Discography: Wyclef Jean Present the
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| traditional doctor, Francois Duvalier
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| | Carnival Featuring the refugee All-Stars
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| became one of Haiti's most famous
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| | (1997) / The Ecleftic:2 Sides II a Book/
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| doctors. In 1957, Duvalier is elected
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| | Masquerade (2002) / The Preacher's (2003)
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| President of the Republic of Haiti.
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| | Sak Pasé Presents: Creole 101( 2004)
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| President Duvalier announced: "My
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| | Hips Don't Lie (with Shakira, 2006).
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| government will guarantee the exercise of
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| | SPECIAL AWARDS
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| liberty to all Haitians". Francois
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| | Gerthie David "The Black Goddess"
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| Duvalier, also known for his nickname
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| | In 1975, many Haitian people were shocked
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| "Papa Doc", emerged as Head of State and
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| | to open their newspapers and see
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| quickly gained nearly absolute power. In
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| | photographs of Gerthie David Miss Haiti
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| 1961 "Papa Doc" rewrote the National
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| | in El Salvador. On the night of July 19th
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| Constitution. After, he became the first
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| | 1975, in San Salvador, Gerthie David,
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| "President for Eternity of Haiti". In the
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| | Miss Haiti, was the second black woman to
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| 1960s and 1970s "Papa Doc" popularizes
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| | first runner-up in the history of Miss
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| superstitions ideas to Haiti through a
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| | Universe Pageant. After winning the Miss
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| series of important voodoo rites. The
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| | Haiti title, Gerthie went to San
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| Duvalier dictatorship instituted rig
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| | Salvador, the capital city of El
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| press censorship. International agencies
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| | Salvador, to enter the Miss Universe
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| accuse government of grave human rights
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| | Contest. The competence was exhausting,
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| abuses. His regime of terror resulted in
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| | very hard, for example Miss Bolivia,
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| the deaths of least 30000 Haitian. The
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| | Jackeline Gammarra, great favorite, was
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| Island is one of the most dangerous
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| | eliminated. This day, Miss Haiti looks
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| countries in the Third World.
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| | like a black goddess. Her exotic beauty
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| 1957-1981: Haitian First Lady Simone
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| | and charming personality are amazing! At
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| Ovide became one of the most dominant
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| | 1,72m in height, she was the best in the
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| women in the history of Haiti. Simone,
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| | evening gown competition, but her speech
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| wife of the most famous dictator of
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| | about the Haitian superstitions swayed
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| Haiti, gained in influence and power
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| | thousands of applauses in the 25th
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| through corruption and crime.
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| | Edition of the Contest. Certainly, Miss
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| 1957-1989: For many decades, Haiti does
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| | Haiti captive to the judges Sarah Vaughan
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| not have diplomatic relations with the
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| | (American black singer), Maribel Arrieta
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| USSR, People's Republic of China, Cuba,
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| | (Miss El Salvador 1955 and First
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| Hungary, South Africa and East Germany.
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| | runner-up at Miss Universe 1955), Jean
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| 1960: The Tonton Macoutes, the brutal
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| | Claude Killy (French sportsmen) and Leon
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| secret police, initiated a "Haitian
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| | Uris(American writer ).
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| genocide" in which political prisoners
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| | When Bob Barker, the host this pageant,
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| were tortured and executed.
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| | announces the final placements, Gerthie
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| 1964: Joseph Eduard Gaetjens, the idol of
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| | was cheered by the entire auditorium.
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| millions of Haitians, is arrested and
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| | Suddenly, her pulse rate beats at
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| killed by the Tonton Macoutes, the
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| | thousand per minute… "First runner-up
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| sinister Haitian secret police. Like John
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| | is Miss Haiti!", said Barker. She was one
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| Barnes (Jamaica) and Everald "Gally"
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| | of the most exotic delegates in all
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| Cummings (Trinidad Tobago), he was a
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| | history of Miss Universe. In the 1970s,
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| great footballer in the Caribbean. After,
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| | Gerthie David was a model from Port-au
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| Gaetjens become a world symbol of the
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| | Prince and she became a symbol to the
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| struggle against dictatorship in the
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| | Haitian youth. Next months, in London,
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| Third World. He had dual Haitian and
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| | Joelle Apollon, Miss Haiti-World, came in
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| American nationality and played at 1950
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| | sixth place at Miss World 1975.After
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| World Cup for the United States. Son of
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| | sixteen years, Marjorie Vincent, formerly
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| Haitian mother and Belgium father, he
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| | Miss Illinois 1991,won the title of Miss
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| played for many clubs in the United
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| | America Pageant. The first Miss America
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| States. The year 1950 was a very
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| | to originate from the Caribbean. In other
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| important year for Gaetjens: the United
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| | words, Marjorie Vincent has Haitian
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| States beat England 1-0, the birthplace
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| | roots. Furthermore, she was the second
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| of the modern football.
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| | black woman to win the pageant.
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| 1964: Francois Duvalier changed the
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| | SPORTS
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| national flag. Black and red are the
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| | Like in Brazil or Italy, the football is
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| colors chosen by Duvalier. Black, which
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| | the most popular sport in Haiti.
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| is similar to the Angolan flag,
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| | Certainly, the national pastime is the
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| represents the descendants of the patriot
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| | football. A different of the Dominican
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| Francois Toussaint L'Ouverture and is
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| | Republic or Puerto Rico, the Haitian
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| also the traditional color of the Haitian
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| | people don't like the baseball. In the
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| people. While, red symbolizes the
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| | 20th Century, football became the most
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| country`s independence. But the original
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| | popular sport in the Island, thanks to
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| flag, used since 1803, was removed in
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| | such heroes as Sylvio Cator, Joseph
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| 1986 by order of the new government.
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| | Gaetjens and Emmanuel Sanon. In 1974
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| 1966: Haile Selassie, the Emperor of
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| | Haiti qualified for the World Cup in
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| Ethiopia, arrives in Port-au-Prince.
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| | Germany.
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| Under the leadership of Dictator Francois
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| | Emmanuel Sanon was one of the Haiti's
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| Duvalier, many African countries maintain
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| | most popular players and played at the
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| official diplomatic relations with Haiti.
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| | 1974 World Cup. Sanon made a great
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| 1967: The Comedians, a film by British
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| | contribution to Haitian football because
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| director Peter Glenville, inspired in the
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| | he played in more World Cup qualifiers
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| cruel Haitian dictatorship by the
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| | any other Haitian. He is still very
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| Duvalier family.
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| | popular with local fans. Other phenomenal
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| 1971: After Duvalier's death, power
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| | talent was Joseph Eduard Gaetjens. He
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| passed to his son Jean Claude Duvalier,
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| | represented both Haiti and the United
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| the man who became known throughout the
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| | States. He made FIFA World Cup History:
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| world as "Baby Doc". Baby Doc is as
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| | When scored United States opening goal in
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| dictatorial as his father. Haiti is ruled
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| | the 1950 World Cup against England.
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| by iron hand. Duvalier, best known for
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| | Joseph came to the United States in the
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| his anticommunist political, is
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| | 1940s to play in the American Soccer
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| omnipresent. Many opposition leaders were
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| | League. His beautiful play in the
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| arrested. He is accused of human rights
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| | Brookhattan Club made in a national star.
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| abuses. Thousand of Haitian people fled
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| | In 1953, he played for Haiti for the
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| the country. Corruption is prevalent at
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| | first time.
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| all levels of government. The health
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| | It's practically impossible to talk about
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| system is one of the worst in the
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| | Haitian athletes without mentioning
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| Americas.
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| | Sylvio Cator. He is a legend in this
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| 1974: The sporting system is one of the
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| | sport. Cator won the silver medal in the
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| worst in the Third World, but Haiti
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| | long jump at 1928 Amsterdam Olympics.
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| qualified for the 1974 FIFA World Cup.
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| | Cator returned home to a hero's welcome.
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| Haiti beat Trinidad-Tobago in the World
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| | From 1928 to 1930, he was record man in
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| Cup qualifiers. Is one of the greatest
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| | the long jump. Cator was a marvelous
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| sporting moment, in the chronology,
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| | jumper and footballer. He also played an
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| comparing it to something like Sylvio
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| | important role in popularizing football
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| Cator, who won a silver medal in long
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| | in the Island (it was the captain of
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| jump in the 1928 Olympics Games in
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| | Haitian National Team).
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| Holland.
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| | Since then, he is an example for young
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| 1975: In El Salvador, Miss Haiti, Gerthie
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| | people in Haiti. He died in November
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| David, is named first runner up at Miss
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| | 1938, but today the people of Haiti still
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| Universe Pageant… transmitting live to
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| | think of him with respect. Many years
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| millions by CBS. After, Gerthie David is
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| | after Cator's death, the National Stadium
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| acclaimed in Port-au-Prince as a national
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| | in Por-au-Prince was renamed in his
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| heroine. Miss Haiti competed with 71
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| | honor. Cator was the first of the great
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| other women from around the world for the
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| | Caribbean sportsmen that would come to
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| title of Miss Universe, including Miss
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| | dominate world track and field.
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| USA, Summer Barthollomew.
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| | FAMOUS ATHLETES
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| 1980: Like Canada, West Germany South
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| | Bruny Surin (Canada-Haiti/track field)/
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| Korea and Kenya, Haiti boycott the Moscow
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| | Edrick Floreal (Canada-Haiti/track field)
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| Olympic Games in protest for Soviet
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| | Samuel Dalembert ( USA-Haiti/basketball)
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| invasion of Afghanistan
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| | / Ronald Agenor (USA-Haiti/tennis)/
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| 1980-1986: Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haiti's
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| | Sylvio Cator (track and field)/ Yves
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| longtime dictator, married Michelle
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| | Jeudy (Box)/ Dieudonne Lamothe (marathon)
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| Bennett, an aristocratic lady. A little
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| | Ludovic Augustin (shooting)/ Ludovic
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| more than three months later,
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| | Volborge (shooting)/ Joseph Eduard
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| Bennett-Duvalier becomes First Lady of
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| | Gaetjens (Haiti-USA/football)/ Dudley
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| Haiti. Like Eva Peron (Argentina) or
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| | Dorival (track field)/ Fitz Plantin Andre
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| Jiang Qing (People's Republic of China),
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| | (football)/ Emmanuel Sanon (football)/
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| she was a woman with great power.
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| | Josmer Altidore (Haitian-American
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| Michelle Bennett promoted her mulatto
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| | football).
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| countrymen to positions of leadership in
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| | Dudley Dorival (track and field): Dudley
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| the dictatorship at his expense of the
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| | Dorival was born on 1 September 1975 in
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| African-Haitians.
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| | Elizabeth (New Jersey, USA). Dorival is
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| 1982: The National History Park (La
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| | the son of Haitian parents and got
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| Citadelle Laferriere, Sans Souci Palace
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| | Haitian nationality just in time for the
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| and Ramiers) is designated as a World
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| | XXVII Summer Olympics Games. Since the
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| Heritage Site by the UNESCO. Like Machu
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| | 2000 Olympics, Dudley Dorival has
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| Picchu (Peru) and Angkor What (Cambodia),
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| | competed in international competitions
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| the National History Park is considered
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| | under the banner of Haiti. In Sydney
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| among the wonders of the world.
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| | (Australia) Dorival finished 7th in the
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| 1982: Ronald Agenor wins a gold medal in
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| | 110m hurdles. He became the first Haitian
|
| men's tennis singles at the Central
| |
| | to Olympic finalist since Yves Jeudy
|
| American and Caribbean Sports Games La
| |
| | (boxer) in 1976. He won the silver medal
|
| Havana. He captures the hearts of the
| |
| | at the 1994 World Junior Championship,
|
| Island.
| |
| | the bronze at the 2001 World Chanpionship
|
| 1983: Pope John Paul arrives in Haiti for
| |
| | and the gold medal at the 2002 Central
|
| a visit. "Things most change here", said
| |
| | American and Caribbean Games El Salvador.
|
| John Paul II.
| |
| | Dorival is one of the best sportsman in
|
| 1986: As Jean-Claude consolidated his
| |
| | the history of Haiti.
|
| power, he consistently refused to
| |
| | FAMOUS WOMEN
|
| consider constitutional reform. The
| |
| | Michaëlla Jean (Governor-General of
|
| insurrection against the dictator Jean
| |
| | Canada)/ Yvonne Neptune (former Prime
|
| Claude Duvalier began…Antigovernment
| |
| | Minister)/Claudette Werleigh (Prime
|
| protesters in the capital. Many deaths,
| |
| | Minister 1995-1996)/Lina Blanchet
|
| injuries and arrests. Seeming end to long
| |
| | (singer)/ Edwidge Danticat (writer)/
|
| Haitian dictatorship with fall of
| |
| | Michelle Bennett Duvalier(First Lady of
|
| Duvalier regime.
| |
| | Haiti 1981-1986)/ Luce Turnier (painter)/
|
| 1987: Haiti has one of the America's
| |
| | Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (Head of State
|
| rates of HIV infection
| |
| | 1990-1991)/ Marie Casimir (journalist) /
|
| 1987: The New Constitution restored many
| |
| | Sonia Sekula (Painter) / Marie Chauvet
|
| of the liberties abolished by the
| |
| | (writer)/ Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain
|
| Duvalier family. The National
| |
| | (writer)/ Carmen Brouard (singer)/Dayana
|
| Constitution recognizes both French and
| |
| | Bennett (journalist and actress) / Elie
|
| Creole as official languages. A new
| |
| | Price (singer)/ Blanche Bosselman
|
| opposition emerged under Jean-Bertrand
| |
| | (singer)/ Lina Mathon (singer)/ Georgette
|
| Aristide.
| |
| | Moliere (singer)/ Simone Ovide Duvalier
|
| 1988: Writer Rene Depestre wins the Prix
| |
| | (First Lady of Haiti 1957-1981)/ Marleine
|
| Ranandot. Depestre, a Haitian dissident
| |
| | Bastien (human rights leader)/ Garcelle
|
| now living in France, was cited his novel
| |
| | Beauvais (actress and model)/ Deborah
|
| Hadriana dans tous mes reves. By the
| |
| | Saint-Phard (track and field)/ Antoinette
|
| mid-1980s Rene Depestre had become well
| |
| | Gauthier (track and field), Louise Pierre
|
| known in literacy circles outside Haiti.
| |
| | (track and field)/ Rose Gauthier (track
|
| 1990: Ertha Pascall-Trouillot becomes the
| |
| | and field)
|
| first black woman elected of head of
| |
| | Edwidge Danticat (writer): One of the
|
| state in the world.
| |
| | Caribbean's most famous writers in the
|
| 1990: First multi-party elections.
| |
| | 21st Century. She has written several
|
| Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a charismatic
| |
| | novels and collections of shore stories,
|
| black leader, was elected president of
| |
| | including Kri? Kra!, nominated for a
|
| Haiti. Aristide is the first democratic
| |
| | National Book Award. Danticat attracted
|
| president since 1804.He was elected with
| |
| | international attention in 1997 when she
|
| the most popular support of any Haitian
| |
| | wrote perhaps her most famous novel
|
| presidential candidate in the history.
| |
| | Farming of the Bones, a story about
|
| 1991: Military coup in the country. Raoul
| |
| | genocide Haitians under the repressive
|
| Cedras, leader of the coup, emerged as
| |
| | dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo.
|
| head of the new government. This year
| |
| | Garcelle Beauvais (actress): She is the
|
| marked the end of eight months of
| |
| | first Haitian actress to star on
|
| democracy. Under new government, all
| |
| | television. Although she has lived in the
|
| political parties were dissolved.
| |
| | United States for many years, the actress
|
| 1991-1995: Like Equatorial Guinea, Cuba
| |
| | and former fashion model Garcelle
|
| and North Korea, Haiti has one of the
| |
| | Beauvais was born in Saint Marc, a city
|
| most serious human rights problems in the
| |
| | in Haiti, in 1966. She is perhaps best
|
| Third World.
| |
| | known for her role as Francesca Monroe on
|
| 1993: United Nations imposed economic
| |
| | TV's the Jamie Foxx Show. Like Gerthie
|
| sanctions on Haiti, one of the most
| |
| | David, Joelle Apollon, Evelyn Miot, and
|
| densely populated nations in the
| |
| | Marjorie Vincent, she has the classic
|
| Americas.
| |
| | beauty of the Haitian black woman
|
| 1994: Peaceful occupation by United
| |
| | REFERENCES:
|
| States forces to restore democratic
| |
| | -Bennet Patterson, Carolyn."Haiti: Beyond
|
| electoral system. Raoul Cedras and his
| |
| | mountains, more mountains", National
|
| family went into exile in Panama City.
| |
| | Geographic, Washington DC, January 1976
|
| Aristide was restored to power.
| |
| | -Bishop,Randa. "Imponentes monumentos
|
| 1995: In Port-au-Prince, sub-war violence
| |
| | haitianos", Americas, Washington DC,
|
| includes assassination of Meireille
| |
| | enero-febrero 1987
|
| Durocher Bertin.
| |
| | -Cobb,Charles. "Haiti against all odds",
|
| 1995: In Beijing, the capital of city of
| |
| | National Geographic, November 1987
|
| the People's Republic of China, Haiti
| |
| | -Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the
|
| participated in the UN`s Fourth World
| |
| | Year 1981, Encyclopaedia Britannica,
|
| Conference on Women
| |
| | Chicago, 1980
|
| 1996:More than 5,000 Haitians had been
| |
| | -Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2003,
|
| killed and miles more fled to abroad,
| |
| | Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 2002
|
| United States, Canada, Bahamas and
| |
| | -Guevara Onofre, Alejandro. Enciclopedia
|
| Dominican Republic, since 1991.
| |
| | Mundototal 1999, Editorial San Marcos,
|
| 1998: Haitian president Renè Garcia
| |
| | Lima, 1998
|
| Preval arrives in Taipei (Taiwan) for a
| |
| | -Hunter, Brian. The Statesman's Year-Book
|
| four-day state visit. He and President
| |
| | 1991-92, The Macmillan Press, 1991
|
|
