Haiti:the Magic Land

HAITI: THE MAGIC LAND
				2000: Haiti is one of the thirty poorest
By Alejandro Guevara Onofre				countries in the Third World.

INTRODUCTION				2000-2001: The elections were boycotted by
				the main opposition political parties.
In 1492 Christopher Columbus wrote about				Aristide was again elected President.
Haiti: "The most beautiful in the world".				Widespread violent in Haiti allege that
Certainly, Haiti is a wonderful country in				Aristide's election victory is fraudulent.
the Caribbean. I think that has a special				Total political censorship exists in national
beauty, with a geography and traditional				media.
culture that is totally different from all
the other countries in Latin America.				2004: This year Haiti is celebrating the
				200th Anniversary of their National
Now, this essay is a historical information				Independence. President Jean-Bertrand
about Haiti, the first black republic in the				Aristide of Haiti flees to Central African
modern history and one of the poorest nations				Republic following anti-government
on Earth. Each chapter provides details on				demonstrations. Haiti has one of the most
history, economy, biographies, sport, awards,				violent conflict areas in the Americas.
foreign relations, culture and other				After, UN troops sent to Haiti during civil
important aspects of Haiti. The people that				sub-war.
don't know Haiti very much think that Haiti
is only one of the world's poorest countries,				2006: Rene Preval is sworn in as President of
but the Island is known for its traditional				Haiti. Since the peaceful transfer of power
culture, hospitality, superstitions, history.				in February, Haiti is the newest democracy in
Furthermore, Haiti is the home to National				the Third World.
Park History, one of the ancient wonders of
the world, and renowned women such as Edwidge				ECONOMY
Danticat and MichaÃ«lle Jean were born
there.				Like Bangladesh, Uganda or Tanzania, Haiti is
				one of the poorest countries on Earth. In
Since then, the dictatorships have destroyed				1997, the Haiti's economic growth rate (real
Haitian society, economy, ecology and sport.				GDP) per capita was U$ 1,300. GDP per capita
Since 1950, two million Haitian people				for Namibia, Botswana and Equatorial Guinea
emigrated to the United States and other				are higher than for Haiti. In the country 4
countries. Haitian-American arrived from				million people living on less than U$2 a day.
Haiti with nothing more than their clothes.				More than 6 million of the Haiti's population
If we compare the Haiti of today to Haiti of				still does not have access to potable water
thirty years ago, we see a change: a new				and electricity. For years of dictatorships
multiparty democracy. Today, a vast part of				had left the country's economy in ruins. The
the Third World and more than a billion				country dependent on international aid.
people are under dictatorships.				Several hundred thousand farm workers migrate
				each year to Dominican Republic.
Eventually, I would like to finish my
introduction with a message by Albert				In 1997, total exports for the year were
Mangones: "Haiti is unique in history, going				U$110 million, while total imports were US$
directly from slavery to nationhood".				486 million. Since 1804, the US market has
				been the most important export destination
CHRONOLOGY:				for Haiti. Nearly 80 percent of Haiti's total
				exports are destined for the United States.
1492: Columbus discovered Haiti in the 15th				Haiti's exports include sisal, mangoes,
Century.				coffee, cotton, bauxite, and sugar. The
				Island's imports from the United States
1520-1697: Haiti is a Spanish territory. In				include cement, oil, food, machinery and
the late 1500 and early 1600, African slaves				transport equipment. France has been the
flocked to Island.				second largest exports destination for
				Haitian products.
1697-1790: Haiti is a French colony. After
16th Century, Haiti became the most important				In the past, the tourism industry occupied an
French colony in the Americas. IslandÂ´s				eminent place in the Haitian economy, but
export to Europe included sugar, coffee and				several political problems have blocked
corn. The beauty of Haiti is recognized by				tourism. Haiti was the first country in the
the French in the mid-1700 Century, when they				Caribbean to promote tourism in an
called it "Pearl the Caribbean".				accelerated form. Haiti is a small country
				with vast mountains, tropical beaches and
1790-1803: During the French colonization				beautiful historic buildings.
slaves suffers from maltreatment. By the late
1790, pro-independence demonstrations. An				CULTURE
Anti-slavery movement under Toussaint
LÂ´Ouverture began. LÂ´Ouverture is one				Like Katherine Dunham, Lillian Hellman, W.B.
of the most important black leaders in the				Seabrook, Erik Leonard Ekman, Alejo
history.During this period of time, Haitian				Carpentier, Selden Rodman, Noel Coward and
slaves attack villages. Anti-French protests				Angeline Jolie, many people say that Haiti is
riots brutally suppressed. By the late 1803,				the most beautiful country in the Caribbean.
under leadership of Jean Jacques Dessalines,				Known as the "Magic Land", Haiti is famous
Haiti army defeated the French forces at the				for its culture. Certainly, Haiti its
Battle of Vertieres.				culture, its superstitions and its music. The
				superstitions or voodoo plays a profound role
1804-1806:A French colony for more than				in the lives of many Haitians. The voodoo was
hundred years, Haiti becomes independent, one				introduced into Haiti in the late 16th
of the most important events in the history.				Century. Haiti is also famous for its
Jean Jacques Dessalines became the first				painting, and finally for its ruinsâ€¦for
president of new republic of Haiti, the first				example the Sans Souci Palace, the most
black republic in the modern history.				famous ruins in the Caribbean. Exactly, this
Dessalines is the "Father of Modern Haiti".				enigmatic palace is considered a Cultural
Haiti occupies the Western third of				Heritage for Humanity by UNESCO. Originally
Hispaniola, the second-largest Island in the				constructed by black slaves, now Sans Souci
Caribbean.				is one of Haiti's main tourist attractions.

1804-1820: Unfortunately; Haiti is divided				Since the late 1940s, Haitian painting, best
into two zones. Northern Haiti is occupied by				known as "naÃ¯ve art" or "intuitive art",
Henri Christopher, who is named Emperor,				is famous all around the World. The most
while the north is occupied by Alexander				important figure was Hector Hyppolite. His
Petion. Petion is probably the greatest				work made its biggest splash in the United
Haitian politician who ever lived.				States in the 20th Century. Other artists
				known internationally include Rigaud Benoit,
1880: Haiti has one of the richest ecosystems				Castera Bazile, Joseph Jean-Giles and
in the Caribbean.				Jean-Baptista Bottlex.Haiti is famous for its
				traditional sculpture. The best Haitian
1900: HaitiÂ´s modern political has been				sculptor is Albert Mangoes.
tumultuous, marked by dictatorships
				FAMOUS HAITIAN
1915-1934: Haiti has not had an effective
national government Invasion by United States				Nelust Wyclef Jean (singer/Haitian-American):
forces. US troops sent to Haiti during civil				Original member of 1990s hip hop group The
sub-war.				Fugees. Wyclef Jean is probably the most
				popular Haitian singer of all time. Jean was
1918: The Presidential Palace, one of the				born in Croix des Bouquets (Haiti) on October
best national palaces in the world, is				17, 1972. When he was just ten years old, he
originally designed by the Haitian Georges				moved to the United States. Under leadership
Bassan. Bassan is inspired to White House				of Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill, The Fugees
Washington.				had several hits in the 1990s, including The
				Score (The Score album sold 6 million
1926: Emily Greene Balch, a human rights				copies). Since 1997, Wyclef Jean, as soloist,
activist, went to Haiti.				became well-known on the international music
				scene. Like songwriter and producer, Jean
1928: Cator is the only Haitian ever to win				collaborated with superstars as Santana,
olympic silver medal. After, Haitian athlete				Withney Houston, Mick Jagger,Bono,Tevin
Sylvio Cator breaks the men's long jump				Cambpell, Bounty Killer, Eric Benet, Sarah
record in Paris. Cator was given a hero's				Connor, Claudette Ortiz, Tarkan, Michael
welcome when he returned to his country.				Jackson, Youssou NÂ´Dor, Shakira, Olga
				TaÃ±on, Carlos Ponce and Julio Voltio.
1937: In the Dominican Republic, Rafael				During the last seven years, he has sold more
Leonidas Trujillo ordered national troops to				than 10 millions albums worldwide. In 2002,
massacre of 20000 Haitian emigrants.				his single Masquerade was a great success.

1940-1950: Haiti is one of the most popular				Since then, Wyclef Jean is a man that always
travel destinations in the Caribbean.				works with love for Haiti, one of the World's
				poorest countries. Recently, he makes perhaps
1944: Dewitt Peters, an American				his best work: "Yele Haiti", a foundation
school-teacher, founded the Centre d'Art in				which works for the human development in the
Port -au-Prince Since 1944, Centre d'Art				Island. Like Miriam Makeba in South Africa or
became the centre of the Haitian painting. It				Bianca Jagger in Nicaragua, Jean loves his
is now one of HaitiÂ´s biggest tourist				roots. In an interview for Magazine, Wyclef
attractions, and every year thousands of				Jean discussed about Haitian roots: "I am
people came to see the paintings and other				100% Haitian. I am proud to be Haitian. I
work of Haitian art.				still have my Haitian passport. I represent
				Haiti in everything that I do. Every head in
1945: Haiti becomes the 26th member of the				the industry knows that I am
United Nations in October.				Haitianâ€¦they know what I'm about. I was
				Haitian forst. Haitian till die!", said Jean.
1956: Haiti establishes diplomatic relations
with the Republic of China (Taiwan).				Discography: Wyclef Jean Present the Carnival
				Featuring the refugee All-Stars (1997) / The
1956: Daniel FignolÃ© is President of the				Ecleftic:2 Sides II a Book/ Masquerade (2002)
Provisional Council and Head of State of				/ The Preacher's (2003)/ Sak PasÃ©
Haiti				Presents: Creole 101( 2004) /Hips Don't Lie
				(with Shakira, 2006).
1957-1971:After working for a time as a
traditional doctor, Francois Duvalier became				SPECIAL AWARDS
one of Haiti's most famous doctors. In 1957,
Duvalier is elected President of the Republic				Gerthie David "The Black Goddess"
of Haiti. President Duvalier announced: "My
government will guarantee the exercise of				In 1975, many Haitian people were shocked to
liberty to all Haitians". Francois Duvalier,				open their newspapers and see photographs of
also known for his nickname "Papa Doc",				Gerthie David Miss Haiti in El Salvador. On
emerged as Head of State and quickly gained				the night of July 19th 1975, in San Salvador,
nearly absolute power. In 1961 "Papa Doc"				Gerthie David, Miss Haiti, was the second
rewrote the National Constitution. After, he				black woman to first runner-up in the history
became the first "President for Eternity of				of Miss Universe Pageant. After winning the
Haiti". In the 1960s and 1970s "Papa Doc"				Miss Haiti title, Gerthie went to San
popularizes superstitions ideas to Haiti				Salvador, the capital city of El Salvador, to
through a series of important voodoo rites.				enter the Miss Universe Contest. The
The Duvalier dictatorship instituted rig				competence was exhausting, very hard, for
press censorship. International agencies				example Miss Bolivia, Jackeline Gammarra,
accuse government of grave human rights				great favorite, was eliminated. This day,
abuses. His regime of terror resulted in the				Miss Haiti looks like a black goddess. Her
deaths of least 30000 Haitian. The Island is				exotic beauty and charming personality are
one of the most dangerous countries in the				amazing! At 1,72m in height, she was the best
Third World.				in the evening gown competition, but her
				speech about the Haitian superstitions swayed
1957-1981: Haitian First Lady Simone Ovide				thousands of applauses in the 25th Edition of
became one of the most dominant women in the				the Contest. Certainly, Miss Haiti captive to
history of Haiti. Simone, wife of the most				the judges Sarah Vaughan (American black
famous dictator of Haiti, gained in influence				singer), Maribel Arrieta (Miss El Salvador
and power through corruption and crime.				1955 and First runner-up at Miss Universe
				1955), Jean Claude Killy (French sportsmen)
1957-1989: For many decades, Haiti does not				and Leon Uris(American writer ).
have diplomatic relations with the USSR,
People's Republic of China, Cuba, Hungary,				When Bob Barker, the host this pageant,
South Africa and East Germany.				announces the final placements, Gerthie was
				cheered by the entire auditorium. Suddenly,
1960: The Tonton Macoutes, the brutal secret				her pulse rate beats at thousand per
police, initiated a "Haitian genocide" in				minuteâ€¦ "First runner-up is Miss
which political prisoners were tortured and				Haiti!", said Barker. She was one of the most
executed.				exotic delegates in all history of Miss
				Universe. In the 1970s, Gerthie David was a
1964: Joseph Eduard Gaetjens, the idol of				model from Port-au Prince and she became a
millions of Haitians, is arrested and killed				symbol to the Haitian youth. Next months, in
by the Tonton Macoutes, the sinister Haitian				London, Joelle Apollon, Miss Haiti-World,
secret police. Like John Barnes (Jamaica) and				came in sixth place at Miss World 1975.After
Everald "Gally" Cummings (Trinidad Tobago),				sixteen years, Marjorie Vincent, formerly
he was a great footballer in the Caribbean.				Miss Illinois 1991,won the title of Miss
After, Gaetjens become a world symbol of the				America Pageant. The first Miss America to
struggle against dictatorship in the Third				originate from the Caribbean. In other words,
World. He had dual Haitian and American				Marjorie Vincent has Haitian roots.
nationality and played at 1950 World Cup for				Furthermore, she was the second black woman
the United States. Son of Haitian mother and				to win the pageant.
Belgium father, he played for many clubs in
the United States. The year 1950 was a very				SPORTS
important year for Gaetjens: the United
States beat England 1-0, the birthplace of				Like in Brazil or Italy, the football is the
the modern football.				most popular sport in Haiti. Certainly, the
				national pastime is the football. A different
1964: Francois Duvalier changed the national				of the Dominican Republic or Puerto Rico, the
flag. Black and red are the colors chosen by				Haitian people don't like the baseball. In
Duvalier. Black, which is similar to the				the 20th Century, football became the most
Angolan flag, represents the descendants of				popular sport in the Island, thanks to such
the patriot Francois Toussaint L'Ouverture				heroes as Sylvio Cator, Joseph Gaetjens and
and is also the traditional color of the				Emmanuel Sanon. In 1974 Haiti qualified for
Haitian people. While, red symbolizes the				the World Cup in Germany.
country`s independence. But the original
flag, used since 1803, was removed in 1986 by				Emmanuel Sanon was one of the Haiti's most
order of the new government.				popular players and played at the 1974 World
				Cup. Sanon made a great contribution to
1966: Haile Selassie, the Emperor of				Haitian football because he played in more
Ethiopia, arrives in Port-au-Prince. Under				World Cup qualifiers any other Haitian. He is
the leadership of Dictator Francois Duvalier,				still very popular with local fans. Other
many African countries maintain official				phenomenal talent was Joseph Eduard Gaetjens.
diplomatic relations with Haiti.				He represented both Haiti and the United
				States. He made FIFA World Cup History: When
1967: The Comedians, a film by British				scored United States opening goal in the 1950
director Peter Glenville, inspired in the				World Cup against England. Joseph came to the
cruel Haitian dictatorship by the Duvalier				United States in the 1940s to play in the
family.				American Soccer League. His beautiful play in
				the Brookhattan Club made in a national star.
1971: After Duvalier's death, power passed to				In 1953, he played for Haiti for the first
his son Jean Claude Duvalier, the man who				time.
became known throughout the world as "Baby
Doc". Baby Doc is as dictatorial as his				It's practically impossible to talk about
father. Haiti is ruled by iron hand.				Haitian athletes without mentioning Sylvio
Duvalier, best known for his anticommunist				Cator. He is a legend in this sport. Cator
political, is omnipresent. Many opposition				won the silver medal in the long jump at 1928
leaders were arrested. He is accused of human				Amsterdam Olympics. Cator returned home to a
rights abuses. Thousand of Haitian people				hero's welcome. From 1928 to 1930, he was
fled the country. Corruption is prevalent at				record man in the long jump. Cator was a
all levels of government. The health system				marvelous jumper and footballer. He also
is one of the worst in the Americas.				played an important role in popularizing
				football in the Island (it was the captain of
1974: The sporting system is one of the worst				Haitian National Team).
in the Third World, but Haiti qualified for
the 1974 FIFA World Cup. Haiti beat				Since then, he is an example for young people
Trinidad-Tobago in the World Cup qualifiers.				in Haiti. He died in November 1938, but today
Is one of the greatest sporting moment, in				the people of Haiti still think of him with
the chronology, comparing it to something				respect. Many years after Cator's death, the
like Sylvio Cator, who won a silver medal in				National Stadium in Por-au-Prince was renamed
long jump in the 1928 Olympics Games in				in his honor. Cator was the first of the
Holland.				great Caribbean sportsmen that would come to
				dominate world track and field.
1975: In El Salvador, Miss Haiti, Gerthie
David, is named first runner up at Miss				FAMOUS ATHLETES
Universe Pageantâ€¦ transmitting live to
millions by CBS. After, Gerthie David is				Bruny Surin (Canada-Haiti/track field)/
acclaimed in Port-au-Prince as a national				Edrick Floreal (Canada-Haiti/track field)/
heroine. Miss Haiti competed with 71 other				Samuel Dalembert ( USA-Haiti/basketball) /
women from around the world for the title of				Ronald Agenor (USA-Haiti/tennis)/ Sylvio
Miss Universe, including Miss USA, Summer				Cator (track and field)/ Yves Jeudy (Box)/
Barthollomew.				Dieudonne Lamothe (marathon)/ Ludovic
				Augustin (shooting)/ Ludovic Volborge
1980: Like Canada, West Germany South Korea				(shooting)/ Joseph Eduard Gaetjens (Haiti-USA
and Kenya, Haiti boycott the Moscow Olympic				football)/ Dudley Dorival (track field)/ Fitz
Games in protest for Soviet invasion of				Plantin Andre (football)/ Emmanuel Sanon
Afghanistan				(football)/ Josmer Altidore (Haitian-American
				football).
1980-1986: Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haiti's
longtime dictator, married Michelle Bennett,				Dudley Dorival (track and field): Dudley
an aristocratic lady. A little more than				Dorival was born on 1 September 1975 in
three months later, Bennett-Duvalier becomes				Elizabeth (New Jersey, USA). Dorival is the
First Lady of Haiti. Like Eva Peron				son of Haitian parents and got Haitian
(Argentina) or Jiang Qing (People's Republic				nationality just in time for the XXVII Summer
of China), she was a woman with great power.				Olympics Games. Since the 2000 Olympics,
Michelle Bennett promoted her mulatto				Dudley Dorival has competed in international
countrymen to positions of leadership in the				competitions under the banner of Haiti. In
dictatorship at his expense of the				Sydney (Australia) Dorival finished 7th in
African-Haitians.				the 110m hurdles. He became the first Haitian
				to Olympic finalist since Yves Jeudy (boxer)
1982: The National History Park (La Citadelle				in 1976. He won the silver medal at the 1994
Laferriere, Sans Souci Palace and Ramiers) is				World Junior Championship, the bronze at the
designated as a World Heritage Site by the				2001 World Chanpionship and the gold medal at
UNESCO. Like Machu Picchu (Peru) and Angkor				the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games
What (Cambodia), the National History Park is				El Salvador. Dorival is one of the best
considered among the wonders of the world.				sportsman in the history of Haiti.

1982: Ronald Agenor wins a gold medal in				FAMOUS WOMEN
men's tennis singles at the Central American
and Caribbean Sports Games La Havana. He				MichaÃ«lla Jean (Governor-General of
captures the hearts of the Island.				Canada)/ Yvonne Neptune (former Prime
				Minister)/Claudette Werleigh (Prime Minister
1983: Pope John Paul arrives in Haiti for a				1995-1996)/Lina Blanchet (singer)/ Edwidge
visit. "Things most change here", said John				Danticat (writer)/ Michelle Bennett
Paul II.				Duvalier(First Lady of Haiti 1981-1986)/ Luce
				Turnier (painter)/ Ertha Pascal-Trouillot
1986: As Jean-Claude consolidated his power,				(Head of State 1990-1991)/ Marie Casimir
he consistently refused to consider				(journalist) / Sonia Sekula (Painter) / Marie
constitutional reform. The insurrection				Chauvet (writer)/ Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain
against the dictator Jean Claude Duvalier				(writer)/ Carmen Brouard (singer)/Dayana
beganâ€¦Antigovernment protesters in the				Bennett (journalist and actress) / Elie Price
capital. Many deaths, injuries and arrests.				(singer)/ Blanche Bosselman (singer)/ Lina
Seeming end to long Haitian dictatorship with				Mathon (singer)/ Georgette Moliere (singer)/
fall of Duvalier regime.				Simone Ovide Duvalier (First Lady of Haiti
				1957-1981)/ Marleine Bastien (human rights
1987: Haiti has one of the America's rates of				leader)/ Garcelle Beauvais (actress and
HIV infection				model)/ Deborah Saint-Phard (track and field)
				Antoinette Gauthier (track and field),
1987: The New Constitution restored many of				Louise Pierre (track and field)/ Rose
the liberties abolished by the Duvalier				Gauthier (track and field)
family. The National Constitution recognizes
both French and Creole as official languages.				Edwidge Danticat (writer): One of the
A new opposition emerged under Jean-Bertrand				Caribbean's most famous writers in the 21st
Aristide.				Century. She has written several novels and
				collections of shore stories, including Kri?
1988: Writer Rene Depestre wins the Prix				Kra!, nominated for a National Book Award.
Ranandot. Depestre, a Haitian dissident now				Danticat attracted international attention in
living in France, was cited his novel				1997 when she wrote perhaps her most famous
Hadriana dans tous mes reves. By the				novel Farming of the Bones, a story about
mid-1980s Rene Depestre had become well known				genocide Haitians under the repressive
in literacy circles outside Haiti.				dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo.

1990: Ertha Pascall-Trouillot becomes the				Garcelle Beauvais (actress): She is the first
first black woman elected of head of state in				Haitian actress to star on television.
the world.				Although she has lived in the United States
				for many years, the actress and former
1990: First multi-party elections.				fashion model Garcelle Beauvais was born in
Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a charismatic black				Saint Marc, a city in Haiti, in 1966. She is
leader, was elected president of Haiti.				perhaps best known for her role as Francesca
Aristide is the first democratic president				Monroe on TV's the Jamie Foxx Show. Like
since 1804.He was elected with the most				Gerthie David, Joelle Apollon, Evelyn Miot,
popular support of any Haitian presidential				and Marjorie Vincent, she has the classic
candidate in the history.				beauty of the Haitian black woman

1991: Military coup in the country. Raoul				REFERENCES:
Cedras, leader of the coup, emerged as head
of the new government. This year marked the				-Bennet Patterson, Carolyn."Haiti: Beyond
end of eight months of democracy. Under new				mountains, more mountains", National
government, all political parties were				Geographic, Washington DC, January 1976
dissolved.
				-Bishop,Randa. "Imponentes monumentos
1991-1995: Like Equatorial Guinea, Cuba and				haitianos", Americas, Washington DC,
North Korea, Haiti has one of the most				enero-febrero 1987
serious human rights problems in the Third
World.				-Cobb,Charles. "Haiti against all odds",
				National Geographic, November 1987
1993: United Nations imposed economic
sanctions on Haiti, one of the most densely				-Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year
populated nations in the Americas.				1981, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 1980

1994: Peaceful occupation by United States				-Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2003,
forces to restore democratic electoral				Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 2002
system. Raoul Cedras and his family went into
exile in Panama City. Aristide was restored				-Guevara Onofre, Alejandro. Enciclopedia
to power.				Mundototal 1999, Editorial San Marcos, Lima,
				1998
1995: In Port-au-Prince, sub-war violence
includes assassination of Meireille Durocher				-Hunter, Brian. The Statesman's Year-Book
Bertin.				1991-92, The Macmillan Press, 1991

1995: In Beijing, the capital of city of the				-Moritz, Charles. Current Biography Yearbook
People's Republic of China, Haiti				1972, H.W Wilson Company, NY
participated in the UN`s Fourth World
Conference on Women				-Sconfield, John. "Haiti-West Africa in the
				West Indies", National Geographic, Washington
1996:More than 5,000 Haitians had been killed				DC, February 1961
and miles more fled to abroad, United States,
Canada, Bahamas and Dominican Republic, since				-The International Who's Who 1996-97, Europe
1991.				Publications, London, 1996

1998: Haitian president RenÃ¨ Garcia Preval				-The World Almanac 2001, World Almanac Books,
arrives in Taipei (Taiwan) for a four-day				New Jersey, 2001
state visit. He and President Lee will sign a
communiquÃ© to strengthen bilateral				-Tibballs, Geoff. The OlympicsÂ´ strangest
friendship and cooperation.				moments, Robson Books, London, 2004

1999: Dominican president Leonel Fernandez				-Vargas Llosa, Mario. "HaitÃ: la muerte",
visit to Haiti as part of a new diplomacy.				El Comercio, Lima, 25.4.1994

2002: In Paris, Dudley Dorival finished 3rd				-VisiÃ³n. "Imperio del Poder Vitalicio",
in the 110 hurdles at the World				Santiago de Chile, 17 de marzo de 1967
Championships. He becomes the 1st Haitian to
win an individual international medal since				-Wallechinsky, David. The complete Book of
1928.Dorival was born in New Jersey, United				the Olympics, Aurum Press, London, 2004
States, to Haitian parents on 1 September
1975. He in 2000 officially became a citizen				-Wallechinsky, David-Wallace, Irving.
of Haiti.

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Latin America guide

Haiti:the Magic Land