| HAITI: THE MAGIC LAND | | | | censorship exists in national media. |
| By Alejandro Guevara Onofre | | | | 2004: This year Haiti is celebrating the 200th |
| INTRODUCTION | | | | Anniversary of their National Independence. President |
| In 1492 Christopher Columbus wrote about Haiti: "The | | | | Jean-Bertrand Aristide of Haiti flees to Central African |
| most beautiful in the world". Certainly, Haiti is a | | | | Republic following anti-government demonstrations. |
| wonderful country in the Caribbean. I think that has a | | | | Haiti has one of the most violent conflict areas in the |
| special beauty, with a geography and traditional culture | | | | Americas. After, UN troops sent to Haiti during civil |
| that is totally different from all the other countries in | | | | sub-war. |
| Latin America. | | | | 2006: Rene Preval is sworn in as President of Haiti. |
| Now, this essay is a historical information about Haiti, | | | | Since the peaceful transfer of power in February, Haiti |
| the first black republic in the modern history and one of | | | | is the newest democracy in the Third World. |
| the poorest nations on Earth. Each chapter provides | | | | ECONOMY |
| details on history, economy, biographies, sport, awards, | | | | Like Bangladesh, Uganda or Tanzania, Haiti is one of |
| foreign relations, culture and other important aspects of | | | | the poorest countries on Earth. In 1997, the Haiti's |
| Haiti. The people that don't know Haiti very much think | | | | economic growth rate (real GDP) per capita was U$ |
| that Haiti is only one of the world's poorest countries, | | | | 1,300. GDP per capita for Namibia, Botswana and |
| but the Island is known for its traditional culture, | | | | Equatorial Guinea are higher than for Haiti. In the |
| hospitality, superstitions, history. Furthermore, Haiti is the | | | | country 4 million people living on less than U$2 a day. |
| home to National Park History, one of the ancient | | | | More than 6 million of the Haiti's population still does not |
| wonders of the world, and renowned women such as | | | | have access to potable water and electricity. For |
| Edwidge Danticat and Michaëlle Jean were born | | | | years of dictatorships had left the country's economy |
| there. | | | | in ruins. The country dependent on international aid. |
| Since then, the dictatorships have destroyed Haitian | | | | Several hundred thousand farm workers migrate each |
| society, economy, ecology and sport. Since 1950, two | | | | year to Dominican Republic. |
| million Haitian people emigrated to the United States | | | | In 1997, total exports for the year were U$110 million, |
| and other countries. Haitian-American arrived from Haiti | | | | while total imports were US$ 486 million. Since 1804, |
| with nothing more than their clothes. If we compare the | | | | the US market has been the most important export |
| Haiti of today to Haiti of thirty years ago, we see a | | | | destination for Haiti. Nearly 80 percent of Haiti's total |
| change: a new multiparty democracy. Today, a vast | | | | exports are destined for the United States. Haiti's |
| part of the Third World and more than a billion people | | | | exports include sisal, mangoes, coffee, cotton, bauxite, |
| are under dictatorships. | | | | and sugar. The Island's imports from the United States |
| Eventually, I would like to finish my introduction with a | | | | include cement, oil, food, machinery and transport |
| message by Albert Mangones: "Haiti is unique in history, | | | | equipment. France has been the second largest |
| going directly from slavery to nationhood". | | | | exports destination for Haitian products. |
| CHRONOLOGY: | | | | In the past, the tourism industry occupied an eminent |
| 1492: Columbus discovered Haiti in the 15th Century. | | | | place in the Haitian economy, but several political |
| 1520-1697: Haiti is a Spanish territory. In the late 1500 | | | | problems have blocked tourism. Haiti was the first |
| and early 1600, African slaves flocked to Island. | | | | country in the Caribbean to promote tourism in an |
| 1697-1790: Haiti is a French colony. After 16th Century, | | | | accelerated form. Haiti is a small country with vast |
| Haiti became the most important French colony in the | | | | mountains, tropical beaches and beautiful historic |
| Americas. Island´s export to Europe included | | | | buildings. |
| sugar, coffee and corn. The beauty of Haiti is | | | | CULTURE |
| recognized by the French in the mid-1700 Century, | | | | Like Katherine Dunham, Lillian Hellman, W.B. Seabrook, |
| when they called it "Pearl the Caribbean". | | | | Erik Leonard Ekman, Alejo Carpentier, Selden Rodman, |
| 1790-1803: During the French colonization slaves | | | | Noel Coward and Angeline Jolie, many people say that |
| suffers from maltreatment. By the late 1790, | | | | Haiti is the most beautiful country in the Caribbean. |
| pro-independence demonstrations. An Anti-slavery | | | | Known as the "Magic Land", Haiti is famous for its |
| movement under Toussaint L´Ouverture began. | | | | culture. Certainly, Haiti its culture, its superstitions and its |
| L´Ouverture is one of the most important black | | | | music. The superstitions or voodoo plays a profound |
| leaders in the history.During this period of time, Haitian | | | | role in the lives of many Haitians. The voodoo was |
| slaves attack villages. Anti-French protests riots brutally | | | | introduced into Haiti in the late 16th Century. Haiti is also |
| suppressed. By the late 1803, under leadership of Jean | | | | famous for its painting, and finally for its |
| Jacques Dessalines, Haiti army defeated the French | | | | ruins…for example the Sans Souci Palace, the |
| forces at the Battle of Vertieres. | | | | most famous ruins in the Caribbean. Exactly, this |
| 1804-1806:A French colony for more than hundred | | | | enigmatic palace is considered a Cultural Heritage for |
| years, Haiti becomes independent, one of the most | | | | Humanity by UNESCO. Originally constructed by black |
| important events in the history. Jean Jacques | | | | slaves, now Sans Souci is one of Haiti's main tourist |
| Dessalines became the first president of new republic | | | | attractions. |
| of Haiti, the first black republic in the modern history. | | | | Since the late 1940s, Haitian painting, best known as |
| Dessalines is the "Father of Modern Haiti". Haiti | | | | "naïve art" or "intuitive art", is famous all around |
| occupies the Western third of Hispaniola, the | | | | the World. The most important figure was Hector |
| second-largest Island in the Caribbean. | | | | Hyppolite. His work made its biggest splash in the |
| 1804-1820: Unfortunately; Haiti is divided into two zones. | | | | United States in the 20th Century. Other artists known |
| Northern Haiti is occupied by Henri Christopher, who is | | | | internationally include Rigaud Benoit, Castera Bazile, |
| named Emperor, while the north is occupied by | | | | Joseph Jean-Giles and Jean-Baptista Bottlex.Haiti is |
| Alexander Petion. Petion is probably the greatest | | | | famous for its traditional sculpture. The best Haitian |
| Haitian politician who ever lived. | | | | sculptor is Albert Mangoes. |
| 1880: Haiti has one of the richest ecosystems in the | | | | FAMOUS HAITIAN |
| Caribbean. | | | | Nelust Wyclef Jean (singer/Haitian-American): Original |
| 1900: Haiti´s modern political has been tumultuous, | | | | member of 1990s hip hop group The Fugees. Wyclef |
| marked by dictatorships | | | | Jean is probably the most popular Haitian singer of all |
| 1915-1934: Haiti has not had an effective national | | | | time. Jean was born in Croix des Bouquets (Haiti) on |
| government Invasion by United States forces. US | | | | October 17, 1972. When he was just ten years old, he |
| troops sent to Haiti during civil sub-war. | | | | moved to the United States. Under leadership of |
| 1918: The Presidential Palace, one of the best national | | | | Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill, The Fugees had several |
| palaces in the world, is originally designed by the Haitian | | | | hits in the 1990s, including The Score (The Score album |
| Georges Bassan. Bassan is inspired to White House | | | | sold 6 million copies). Since 1997, Wyclef Jean, as |
| Washington. | | | | soloist, became well-known on the international music |
| 1926: Emily Greene Balch, a human rights activist, went | | | | scene. Like songwriter and producer, Jean collaborated |
| to Haiti. | | | | with superstars as Santana, Withney Houston, Mick |
| 1928: Cator is the only Haitian ever to win olympic | | | | Jagger,Bono,Tevin Cambpell, Bounty Killer, Eric Benet, |
| silver medal. After, Haitian athlete Sylvio Cator breaks | | | | Sarah Connor, Claudette Ortiz, Tarkan, Michael |
| the men's long jump record in Paris. Cator was given a | | | | Jackson, Youssou N´Dor, Shakira, Olga |
| hero's welcome when he returned to his country. | | | | Tañon, Carlos Ponce and Julio Voltio. During the |
| 1937: In the Dominican Republic, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo | | | | last seven years, he has sold more than 10 millions |
| ordered national troops to massacre of 20000 Haitian | | | | albums worldwide. In 2002, his single Masquerade was |
| emigrants. | | | | a great success. |
| 1940-1950: Haiti is one of the most popular travel | | | | Since then, Wyclef Jean is a man that always works |
| destinations in the Caribbean. | | | | with love for Haiti, one of the World's poorest |
| 1944: Dewitt Peters, an American school-teacher, | | | | countries. Recently, he makes perhaps his best work: |
| founded the Centre d'Art in Port -au-Prince Since 1944, | | | | "Yele Haiti", a foundation which works for the human |
| Centre d'Art became the centre of the Haitian painting. | | | | development in the Island. Like Miriam Makeba in South |
| It is now one of Haiti´s biggest tourist attractions, | | | | Africa or Bianca Jagger in Nicaragua, Jean loves his |
| and every year thousands of people came to see the | | | | roots. In an interview for Magazine, Wyclef Jean |
| paintings and other work of Haitian art. | | | | discussed about Haitian roots: "I am 100% Haitian. I am |
| 1945: Haiti becomes the 26th member of the United | | | | proud to be Haitian. I still have my Haitian passport. I |
| Nations in October. | | | | represent Haiti in everything that I do. Every head in the |
| 1956: Haiti establishes diplomatic relations with the | | | | industry knows that I am Haitian…they know |
| Republic of China (Taiwan). | | | | what I'm about. I was Haitian forst. Haitian till die!", said |
| 1956: Daniel Fignolé is President of the Provisional | | | | Jean. |
| Council and Head of State of Haiti | | | | Discography: Wyclef Jean Present the Carnival |
| 1957-1971:After working for a time as a traditional | | | | Featuring the refugee All-Stars (1997) / The Ecleftic:2 |
| doctor, Francois Duvalier became one of Haiti's most | | | | Sides II a Book/ Masquerade (2002) / The Preacher's |
| famous doctors. In 1957, Duvalier is elected President | | | | (2003)/ Sak Pasé Presents: Creole 101( 2004) |
| of the Republic of Haiti. President Duvalier announced: | | | | Hips Don't Lie (with Shakira, 2006). |
| "My government will guarantee the exercise of liberty | | | | SPECIAL AWARDS |
| to all Haitians". Francois Duvalier, also known for his | | | | Gerthie David "The Black Goddess" |
| nickname "Papa Doc", emerged as Head of State and | | | | In 1975, many Haitian people were shocked to open |
| quickly gained nearly absolute power. In 1961 "Papa | | | | their newspapers and see photographs of Gerthie |
| Doc" rewrote the National Constitution. After, he | | | | David Miss Haiti in El Salvador. On the night of July 19th |
| became the first "President for Eternity of Haiti". In the | | | | 1975, in San Salvador, Gerthie David, Miss Haiti, was |
| 1960s and 1970s "Papa Doc" popularizes superstitions | | | | the second black woman to first runner-up in the |
| ideas to Haiti through a series of important voodoo | | | | history of Miss Universe Pageant. After winning the |
| rites. The Duvalier dictatorship instituted rig press | | | | Miss Haiti title, Gerthie went to San Salvador, the |
| censorship. International agencies accuse government | | | | capital city of El Salvador, to enter the Miss Universe |
| of grave human rights abuses. His regime of terror | | | | Contest. The competence was exhausting, very hard, |
| resulted in the deaths of least 30000 Haitian. The Island | | | | for example Miss Bolivia, Jackeline Gammarra, great |
| is one of the most dangerous countries in the Third | | | | favorite, was eliminated. This day, Miss Haiti looks like a |
| World. | | | | black goddess. Her exotic beauty and charming |
| 1957-1981: Haitian First Lady Simone Ovide became | | | | personality are amazing! At 1,72m in height, she was |
| one of the most dominant women in the history of | | | | the best in the evening gown competition, but her |
| Haiti. Simone, wife of the most famous dictator of Haiti, | | | | speech about the Haitian superstitions swayed |
| gained in influence and power through corruption and | | | | thousands of applauses in the 25th Edition of the |
| crime. | | | | Contest. Certainly, Miss Haiti captive to the judges |
| 1957-1989: For many decades, Haiti does not have | | | | Sarah Vaughan (American black singer), Maribel |
| diplomatic relations with the USSR, People's Republic | | | | Arrieta (Miss El Salvador 1955 and First runner-up at |
| of China, Cuba, Hungary, South Africa and East | | | | Miss Universe 1955), Jean Claude Killy (French |
| Germany. | | | | sportsmen) and Leon Uris(American writer ). |
| 1960: The Tonton Macoutes, the brutal secret police, | | | | When Bob Barker, the host this pageant, announces |
| initiated a "Haitian genocide" in which political prisoners | | | | the final placements, Gerthie was cheered by the |
| were tortured and executed. | | | | entire auditorium. Suddenly, her pulse rate beats at |
| 1964: Joseph Eduard Gaetjens, the idol of millions of | | | | thousand per minute… "First runner-up is Miss |
| Haitians, is arrested and killed by the Tonton Macoutes, | | | | Haiti!", said Barker. She was one of the most exotic |
| the sinister Haitian secret police. Like John Barnes | | | | delegates in all history of Miss Universe. In the 1970s, |
| (Jamaica) and Everald "Gally" Cummings (Trinidad | | | | Gerthie David was a model from Port-au Prince and |
| Tobago), he was a great footballer in the Caribbean. | | | | she became a symbol to the Haitian youth. Next |
| After, Gaetjens become a world symbol of the | | | | months, in London, Joelle Apollon, Miss Haiti-World, |
| struggle against dictatorship in the Third World. He had | | | | came in sixth place at Miss World 1975.After sixteen |
| dual Haitian and American nationality and played at | | | | years, Marjorie Vincent, formerly Miss Illinois 1991,won |
| 1950 World Cup for the United States. Son of Haitian | | | | the title of Miss America Pageant. The first Miss |
| mother and Belgium father, he played for many clubs in | | | | America to originate from the Caribbean. In other |
| the United States. The year 1950 was a very | | | | words, Marjorie Vincent has Haitian roots. Furthermore, |
| important year for Gaetjens: the United States beat | | | | she was the second black woman to win the pageant. |
| England 1-0, the birthplace of the modern football. | | | | SPORTS |
| 1964: Francois Duvalier changed the national flag. Black | | | | Like in Brazil or Italy, the football is the most popular |
| and red are the colors chosen by Duvalier. Black, | | | | sport in Haiti. Certainly, the national pastime is the |
| which is similar to the Angolan flag, represents the | | | | football. A different of the Dominican Republic or |
| descendants of the patriot Francois Toussaint | | | | Puerto Rico, the Haitian people don't like the baseball. In |
| L'Ouverture and is also the traditional color of the | | | | the 20th Century, football became the most popular |
| Haitian people. While, red symbolizes the country`s | | | | sport in the Island, thanks to such heroes as Sylvio |
| independence. But the original flag, used since 1803, | | | | Cator, Joseph Gaetjens and Emmanuel Sanon. In 1974 |
| was removed in 1986 by order of the new | | | | Haiti qualified for the World Cup in Germany. |
| government. | | | | Emmanuel Sanon was one of the Haiti's most popular |
| 1966: Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia, arrives in | | | | players and played at the 1974 World Cup. Sanon |
| Port-au-Prince. Under the leadership of Dictator | | | | made a great contribution to Haitian football because |
| Francois Duvalier, many African countries maintain | | | | he played in more World Cup qualifiers any other |
| official diplomatic relations with Haiti. | | | | Haitian. He is still very popular with local fans. Other |
| 1967: The Comedians, a film by British director Peter | | | | phenomenal talent was Joseph Eduard Gaetjens. He |
| Glenville, inspired in the cruel Haitian dictatorship by the | | | | represented both Haiti and the United States. He made |
| Duvalier family. | | | | FIFA World Cup History: When scored United States |
| 1971: After Duvalier's death, power passed to his son | | | | opening goal in the 1950 World Cup against England. |
| Jean Claude Duvalier, the man who became known | | | | Joseph came to the United States in the 1940s to play |
| throughout the world as "Baby Doc". Baby Doc is as | | | | in the American Soccer League. His beautiful play in |
| dictatorial as his father. Haiti is ruled by iron hand. | | | | the Brookhattan Club made in a national star. In 1953, |
| Duvalier, best known for his anticommunist political, is | | | | he played for Haiti for the first time. |
| omnipresent. Many opposition leaders were arrested. | | | | It's practically impossible to talk about Haitian athletes |
| He is accused of human rights abuses. Thousand of | | | | without mentioning Sylvio Cator. He is a legend in this |
| Haitian people fled the country. Corruption is prevalent | | | | sport. Cator won the silver medal in the long jump at |
| at all levels of government. The health system is one | | | | 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. Cator returned home to a |
| of the worst in the Americas. | | | | hero's welcome. From 1928 to 1930, he was record |
| 1974: The sporting system is one of the worst in the | | | | man in the long jump. Cator was a marvelous jumper |
| Third World, but Haiti qualified for the 1974 FIFA World | | | | and footballer. He also played an important role in |
| Cup. Haiti beat Trinidad-Tobago in the World Cup | | | | popularizing football in the Island (it was the captain of |
| qualifiers. Is one of the greatest sporting moment, in the | | | | Haitian National Team). |
| chronology, comparing it to something like Sylvio Cator, | | | | Since then, he is an example for young people in Haiti. |
| who won a silver medal in long jump in the 1928 | | | | He died in November 1938, but today the people of |
| Olympics Games in Holland. | | | | Haiti still think of him with respect. Many years after |
| 1975: In El Salvador, Miss Haiti, Gerthie David, is named | | | | Cator's death, the National Stadium in Por-au-Prince |
| first runner up at Miss Universe Pageant… | | | | was renamed in his honor. Cator was the first of the |
| transmitting live to millions by CBS. After, Gerthie David | | | | great Caribbean sportsmen that would come to |
| is acclaimed in Port-au-Prince as a national heroine. | | | | dominate world track and field. |
| Miss Haiti competed with 71 other women from around | | | | FAMOUS ATHLETES |
| the world for the title of Miss Universe, including Miss | | | | Bruny Surin (Canada-Haiti/track field)/ Edrick Floreal |
| USA, Summer Barthollomew. | | | | (Canada-Haiti/track field)/ Samuel Dalembert ( |
| 1980: Like Canada, West Germany South Korea and | | | | USA-Haiti/basketball) / Ronald Agenor (USA-Haiti |
| Kenya, Haiti boycott the Moscow Olympic Games in | | | | tennis)/ Sylvio Cator (track and field)/ Yves Jeudy |
| protest for Soviet invasion of Afghanistan | | | | (Box)/ Dieudonne Lamothe (marathon)/ Ludovic |
| 1980-1986: Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haiti's longtime | | | | Augustin (shooting)/ Ludovic Volborge (shooting)/ |
| dictator, married Michelle Bennett, an aristocratic lady. | | | | Joseph Eduard Gaetjens (Haiti-USA/football)/ Dudley |
| A little more than three months later, Bennett-Duvalier | | | | Dorival (track field)/ Fitz Plantin Andre (football)/ |
| becomes First Lady of Haiti. Like Eva Peron | | | | Emmanuel Sanon (football)/ Josmer Altidore |
| (Argentina) or Jiang Qing (People's Republic of China), | | | | (Haitian-American/football). |
| she was a woman with great power. Michelle Bennett | | | | Dudley Dorival (track and field): Dudley Dorival was |
| promoted her mulatto countrymen to positions of | | | | born on 1 September 1975 in Elizabeth (New Jersey, |
| leadership in the dictatorship at his expense of the | | | | USA). Dorival is the son of Haitian parents and got |
| African-Haitians. | | | | Haitian nationality just in time for the XXVII Summer |
| 1982: The National History Park (La Citadelle Laferriere, | | | | Olympics Games. Since the 2000 Olympics, Dudley |
| Sans Souci Palace and Ramiers) is designated as a | | | | Dorival has competed in international competitions |
| World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. Like Machu | | | | under the banner of Haiti. In Sydney (Australia) Dorival |
| Picchu (Peru) and Angkor What (Cambodia), the | | | | finished 7th in the 110m hurdles. He became the first |
| National History Park is considered among the | | | | Haitian to Olympic finalist since Yves Jeudy (boxer) in |
| wonders of the world. | | | | 1976. He won the silver medal at the 1994 World Junior |
| 1982: Ronald Agenor wins a gold medal in men's tennis | | | | Championship, the bronze at the 2001 World |
| singles at the Central American and Caribbean Sports | | | | Chanpionship and the gold medal at the 2002 Central |
| Games La Havana. He captures the hearts of the | | | | American and Caribbean Games El Salvador. Dorival |
| Island. | | | | is one of the best sportsman in the history of Haiti. |
| 1983: Pope John Paul arrives in Haiti for a visit. "Things | | | | FAMOUS WOMEN |
| most change here", said John Paul II. | | | | Michaëlla Jean (Governor-General of Canada)/ |
| 1986: As Jean-Claude consolidated his power, he | | | | Yvonne Neptune (former Prime Minister)/Claudette |
| consistently refused to consider constitutional reform. | | | | Werleigh (Prime Minister 1995-1996)/Lina Blanchet |
| The insurrection against the dictator Jean Claude | | | | (singer)/ Edwidge Danticat (writer)/ Michelle Bennett |
| Duvalier began…Antigovernment protesters in | | | | Duvalier(First Lady of Haiti 1981-1986)/ Luce Turnier |
| the capital. Many deaths, injuries and arrests. Seeming | | | | (painter)/ Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (Head of State |
| end to long Haitian dictatorship with fall of Duvalier | | | | 1990-1991)/ Marie Casimir (journalist) / Sonia Sekula |
| regime. | | | | (Painter) / Marie Chauvet (writer)/ Suzanne |
| 1987: Haiti has one of the America's rates of HIV | | | | Comhaire-Sylvain (writer)/ Carmen Brouard (singer) |
| infection | | | | Dayana Bennett (journalist and actress) / Elie Price |
| 1987: The New Constitution restored many of the | | | | (singer)/ Blanche Bosselman (singer)/ Lina Mathon |
| liberties abolished by the Duvalier family. The National | | | | (singer)/ Georgette Moliere (singer)/ Simone Ovide |
| Constitution recognizes both French and Creole as | | | | Duvalier (First Lady of Haiti 1957-1981)/ Marleine Bastien |
| official languages. A new opposition emerged under | | | | (human rights leader)/ Garcelle Beauvais (actress and |
| Jean-Bertrand Aristide. | | | | model)/ Deborah Saint-Phard (track and field)/ |
| 1988: Writer Rene Depestre wins the Prix Ranandot. | | | | Antoinette Gauthier (track and field), Louise Pierre |
| Depestre, a Haitian dissident now living in France, was | | | | (track and field)/ Rose Gauthier (track and field) |
| cited his novel Hadriana dans tous mes reves. By the | | | | Edwidge Danticat (writer): One of the Caribbean's |
| mid-1980s Rene Depestre had become well known in | | | | most famous writers in the 21st Century. She has |
| literacy circles outside Haiti. | | | | written several novels and collections of shore stories, |
| 1990: Ertha Pascall-Trouillot becomes the first black | | | | including Kri? Kra!, nominated for a National Book |
| woman elected of head of state in the world. | | | | Award. Danticat attracted international attention in 1997 |
| 1990: First multi-party elections. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, | | | | when she wrote perhaps her most famous novel |
| a charismatic black leader, was elected president of | | | | Farming of the Bones, a story about genocide Haitians |
| Haiti. Aristide is the first democratic president since | | | | under the repressive dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas |
| 1804.He was elected with the most popular support of | | | | Trujillo. |
| any Haitian presidential candidate in the history. | | | | Garcelle Beauvais (actress): She is the first Haitian |
| 1991: Military coup in the country. Raoul Cedras, leader | | | | actress to star on television. Although she has lived in |
| of the coup, emerged as head of the new | | | | the United States for many years, the actress and |
| government. This year marked the end of eight | | | | former fashion model Garcelle Beauvais was born in |
| months of democracy. Under new government, all | | | | Saint Marc, a city in Haiti, in 1966. She is perhaps best |
| political parties were dissolved. | | | | known for her role as Francesca Monroe on TV's the |
| 1991-1995: Like Equatorial Guinea, Cuba and North | | | | Jamie Foxx Show. Like Gerthie David, Joelle Apollon, |
| Korea, Haiti has one of the most serious human rights | | | | Evelyn Miot, and Marjorie Vincent, she has the classic |
| problems in the Third World. | | | | beauty of the Haitian black woman |
| 1993: United Nations imposed economic sanctions on | | | | REFERENCES: |
| Haiti, one of the most densely populated nations in the | | | | -Bennet Patterson, Carolyn."Haiti: Beyond mountains, |
| Americas. | | | | more mountains", National Geographic, Washington DC, |
| 1994: Peaceful occupation by United States forces to | | | | January 1976 |
| restore democratic electoral system. Raoul Cedras | | | | -Bishop,Randa. "Imponentes monumentos haitianos", |
| and his family went into exile in Panama City. Aristide | | | | Americas, Washington DC, enero-febrero 1987 |
| was restored to power. | | | | -Cobb,Charles. "Haiti against all odds", National |
| 1995: In Port-au-Prince, sub-war violence includes | | | | Geographic, November 1987 |
| assassination of Meireille Durocher Bertin. | | | | -Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year 1981, |
| 1995: In Beijing, the capital of city of the People's | | | | Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 1980 |
| Republic of China, Haiti participated in the UN`s Fourth | | | | -Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2003, |
| World Conference on Women | | | | Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 2002 |
| 1996:More than 5,000 Haitians had been killed and miles | | | | -Guevara Onofre, Alejandro. Enciclopedia Mundototal |
| more fled to abroad, United States, Canada, Bahamas | | | | 1999, Editorial San Marcos, Lima, 1998 |
| and Dominican Republic, since 1991. | | | | -Hunter, Brian. The Statesman's Year-Book 1991-92, |
| 1998: Haitian president Renè Garcia Preval arrives | | | | The Macmillan Press, 1991 |
| in Taipei (Taiwan) for a four-day state visit. He and | | | | -Moritz, Charles. Current Biography Yearbook 1972, |
| President Lee will sign a communiqué to | | | | H.W Wilson Company, NY |
| strengthen bilateral friendship and cooperation. | | | | -Sconfield, John. "Haiti-West Africa in the West Indies", |
| 1999: Dominican president Leonel Fernandez visit to | | | | National Geographic, Washington DC, February 1961 |
| Haiti as part of a new diplomacy. | | | | -The International Who's Who 1996-97, Europe |
| 2002: In Paris, Dudley Dorival finished 3rd in the 110 | | | | Publications, London, 1996 |
| hurdles at the World Championships. He becomes the | | | | -The World Almanac 2001, World Almanac Books, |
| 1st Haitian to win an individual international medal since | | | | New Jersey, 2001 |
| 1928.Dorival was born in New Jersey, United States, to | | | | -Tibballs, Geoff. The Olympics´ strangest |
| Haitian parents on 1 September 1975. He in 2000 | | | | moments, Robson Books, London, 2004 |
| officially became a citizen of Haiti. | | | | -Vargas Llosa, Mario. "HaitÃ: la muerte", El |
| 2000: Haiti is one of the thirty poorest countries in the | | | | Comercio, Lima, 25.4.1994 |
| Third World. | | | | -Visión. "Imperio del Poder Vitalicio", Santiago de |
| 2000-2001: The elections were boycotted by the main | | | | Chile, 17 de marzo de 1967 |
| opposition political parties. Aristide was again elected | | | | -Wallechinsky, David. The complete Book of the |
| President. Widespread violent in Haiti allege that | | | | Olympics, Aurum Press, London, 2004 |
| Aristide's election victory is fraudulent. Total political | | | | -Wallechinsky, David-Wallace, Irving. |