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Argentina travel Argentina is a country in southern South Conservative rule. Political change led to America. It ranks second in land area in the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946, who South  America,  and  eighth  in  the  world. tried to empower the working class and greatly expanded the number of unionized Argentina occupies a continental surface area workers. The Revolución Libertadora of of 2,766,890 km2 (1,078,000 sq mi) between 1955  deposed  him. the Andes mountain range in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and From the 1950s to 1970s, soft military and south. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia weak civilian administrations traded power. in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the During those years the economy grew strongly northeast, and Chile in the west and south. and poverty declined (to less than 7% in The country claims the British controlled 1975), but became increasingly protectionist. territories of the Falkland Islands (Spanish: At the same time political violence continued Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the to escalate. In 1973, Perón returned to South Sandwich Islands. Under the name of the presidency, but he died within a year of Argentine Antarctica, it claims 969,464 km2 assuming power. His third wife Isabel, the (374,312 sq mi) of Antarctica, overlapping Vice President, succeeded him in office, but other claims made by Chile and the United the military coup of March 24, 1976 removed Kingdom. her  from  office. "Argentina" derives from the Latin argentum The armed forces took power through a junta (silver). When the first Spanish in charge of the self-appointed National conquistadors discovered the Río de la Reorganization Process until 1983. The Plata, they named the estuary Mar Dulce military government repressed opposition and ('Sweet Sea', as in a fresh water sea). terrorist leftist groups using harsh illegal Indigenous people gave gifts of silver to the measures (the "Dirty War"); thousands of survivors of the shipwrecked expedition, who dissidents "disappeared", while the SIDE were led by Juan Díaz de Solís. The cooperated with DINA and other South American legend of Sierra del Plata – a intelligence agencies, and with the CIA in mountain rich in silver – reached Operation Condor. Many of the military Spain around 1524, and the name was first leaders that took part in the Dirty War were seen in print on a Venice map from 1536. The trained in the U.S.-financed School of the source of the silver was the area where the Americas, among them Argentine dictators city of Potosí was to be founded in 1546. Leopoldo Galtieri and Roberto Viola. Economic An expedition that followed the trail of the problems, charges of corruption, public silver up the Paraná and Pilcomayo rivers revulsion in the face of human rights abuses finally reached the source only to find it and, finally, the country's 1982 defeat by already claimed by explorers who reached it the British in the Falklands War discredited from Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of the  Argentine  military  regime. Peru. Democracy was restored in 1983. Raúl The name Argentina was first used extensively Alfonsín's Radical government took steps in the 1612 book Historia del descubrimiento, to account for the "disappeared", established población, y conquista del Río de la civilian control of the armed forces, and Plata (History of the discovery, population, consolidated democratic institutions. The and conquest of the Río de la Plata) by members of the three military juntas were Ruy Díaz de Guzmán, naming the prosecuted and sentenced to life terms. territory Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver). Failure to resolve endemic economic problems In British English, the traditional name of and an inability to maintain public the country is The Argentine but this term is confidence led to Alfonsín's early no  longer  in  common  use. departure six months before his term was to be  completed. History President Carlos Menem imposed a peso-dollar The first signs of human presence in fixed exchange rate in 1991 to stop Argentina are located in the Patagonia hyperinflation and adopted far-reaching (Piedra Museo, Santa Cruz), and date from market-based policies, dismantling 11,000 BC.[3] Around 1 AD, several corn-based protectionist barriers and business civilizations developed in the Andean region regulations, and implementing a privatization (Santa María, Huarpes, Diaguitas, program. These reforms contributed to Sanavirones, among others). In 1480, the Inca significant increases in investment and Empire under the rule of emperor Pachacutec growth with stable prices through most of the launched an offensive and conquered 1990s. Toward the end of the 1990s, large present-day northwestern Argentina, fiscal deficits and overvaluation of the integrating it into a region called pegged peso caused a gradual slide into Collasuyu. In the northeastern area, the economic crisis. By the end of his term in Guaraní developed a culture based on yuca 1999, these accumulating problems and and sweet potato. The central and southern perceived corruption had made Menem areas (Pampas and Patagonia) were dominated unpopular. by nomadic cultures, unified in the seventeenth  century  by  the  Mapuches. The Menem and de la Rúa administrations faced diminished competitiveness in exports, European explorers arrived in 1516. Spain massive imports which damaged national established a permanent colony on the site of industry and reduced employment, chronic Buenos Aires in 1580; the Viceroyalty of the fiscal and trade deficits, and the contagion Río de la Plata was created in 1776. In of several economic crises. The Asian 1806 and 1807 the British Empire launched two financial crisis in 1998 precipitated an invasions to Buenos Aires, but the creole outflow of capital that mushroomed into a population repelled both attempts. On May 25, recession, and culminated in economic crisis 1810, after confirmation of the rumors about in November of 2001. The next month, amidst the overthrow of King Ferdinand VII by bloody riots, President de la Rúa Napoleon, citizens of Buenos Aires took resigned. advantage of the situation and created the First Government Junta (May Revolution). In two weeks, several presidents followed in Formal independence from Spain was declared quick succession, culminating in Eduardo on  July  9,  1816  in  Tucumán. Duhalde's being appointed interim President of Argentina by the Legislative Assembly on 2 In 1817, General José de San Martín January 2002. Argentina defaulted on its crossed the Andes to free Chile and Peru, international debt obligations. The peso's thus eliminating the Spanish threat. almost 11-year-old linkage to the United Centralist and federalist groups (Spanish: States dollar was abandoned, resulting in Unitarios and Federales) were in conflict major depreciation of the peso and a spike in until national unity was established and the inflation. constitution  promulgated  in  1853. With a more competitive and flexible exchange Foreign investment and immigration from rate, the country implemented new policies Europe led to the adoption of modern based on re-industrialization, import agricultural techniques. In the 1880s, the substitution, increased exports, and "Conquest of the Desert" subdued or consistent fiscal and trade surpluses. By the exterminated the remaining indigenous tribes end of 2002, the economy began to stabilize. throughout the southern Pampas and In 2003, Néstor Kirchner was elected Patagonia.[4] president. During Kirchner's presidency, Argentina restructured its defaulted debt From 1887 to 1930, Argentina enjoyed with a steep discount (about 66 percent) on increasing prosperity and prominence through most bonds, paid off outstanding debts with an export-led economy, and the population of the International Monetary Fund, renegotiated the country swelled sevenfold. Conservative contracts with utilities, and nationalized forces dominated Argentine politics until some previously privatized industries. 1916, when their traditional rivals, the Currently, Argentina is enjoying a period of Radicals, won control of the government. The high economic growth and increased political military forced Hipólito Yrigoyen from stability. power in 1930, leading to another decade of 1 A B C D 63 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109