| [1]
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| | sulphide and later on chemical fertilizer
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| Development through foreign investment
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| | containing ammonium sulphate. In the
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| and export. According to the trend of
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| | meantime Mitsubishi also joined them on
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| globalization this is precisely the
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| | partnership basis. By 1930 they had
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| government-approved paradigm of
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| | accessed the technology of manufacturing
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| development, the real aim of which is
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| | acetylene by using mercury compound. They
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| plunder. Free-of-cost supply of water and
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| | started producing various organic items
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| infrastructure, land and labour at cheap
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| | like acetic acid, acetone, butanol, etc.
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| price-these are the preconditions of such
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| | In course of this process they also
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| investments. The investors will bring
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| | established their monopoly in acetylene
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| over their own capital, own technology,
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| | chemistry. Not only in their own country,
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| even their own raw material if required;
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| | but also in many countries abroad,
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| and then they will carry on
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| | including Korea, ther Nippon Kesso spread
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| indiscriminate plunder, shatter nature,
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| | its empire. In the meantime the
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| environment, destroy water, air, soil,
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| | topography of Minamata too has changed
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| and all resources for production.
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| | along this course of the progress of the
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| Ultimately they will leave without the
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| | Nippo Kesso Company. Initially from
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| least qualm after they have pushed the
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| | village to town, Minamata had eventually
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| total economy of the country into the
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| | emerged as a full-fledged city, with
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| jaws of imminent disaster. This has been
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| | abundant roads, communication and
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| proved by history; Brazil, Mexico,
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| | transport facility.
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| Argentina, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia,
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| | But under this façade of prosperity
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| and other places bear witness to this
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| | there lies hidden many an untold story of
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| process. When the investors arrive they
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| | lost lives, shattered families, ruined
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| force a huge number of people to death by
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| | means of livelihood, smashed ways of
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| dispossessing them of their means of
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| | life. The local fishermen, farmers, farm
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| livelihood, displacing them from
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| | lands have been ruined bit by bit
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| habitation, and pauperizing to
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| | silently imperceptibly. The horrible
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| destitution; and when they finally leave
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| | claws of chemical industry have grabbed
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| they have already shattered the backbone
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| | and mangled all the resources of man's
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| of the country's total economic
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| | livelihood. The uncontrolled dumping of
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| development which affects not only the
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| | factory waste has poisoned the sea water,
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| uprooted, penniless, homeless millions,
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| | which has in its turn infected sea weeds,
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| but also people belonging to all rungs of
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| | fish and other creatures of the sea.
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| the society. Considered in this
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| | Poisonous chemical elements have entered
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| perspective the plan of installing
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| | the food chain, which through the circuit
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| 'chemical hub' in West Bengal acquires
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| | of other creatures ultimately enters the
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| enormous significance. It becomes clear
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| | human body. The soil, air, water, forests
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| here how international trade and commerce
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| | have been infected in the same way. In
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| , in their own interest, offers some such
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| | all it headed for such a grim situation
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| projects to the third world countries,
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| | about which nobody had spared a
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| where the dazzle of advertisements and
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| | forethought - neither the company nor the
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| fanfare of government propaganda keep
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| | government had been bothered by it in the
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| hidden the ugly face of the marauders,
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| | least. Consequently the pollution went on
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| the real conspiracy of the plunderers.
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| | unabated, and the count of the infected
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| But what is actually meant by this
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| | started to show a steep hike.
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| so-called controversial 'chemical hub'?
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| | The horror of the situation came to the
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| It is not known if there is any formal
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| | fore around 1956. One day four patients,
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| definition of this phenomenon. Anyway, as
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| | complaining of a strange symptom, were
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| a practical definition it can be said
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| | admitted to Minamata hospital. The number
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| that 'chemical hub' is an industrial zone
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| | continued to swell with time. The
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| which contains a series of chemical
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| | symptoms included signs of mental
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| factories that are connected to each
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| | abnormality, rigour, fainting, slipping
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| other in an interdependent chain.
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| | into coma, and finally death. Before long
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| However, the real issue is not the
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| | this unknown ailment took the form of
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| definition, but the threat of pollution,
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| | pestilence in the area. As the very
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| ecological imbalance, threat to public
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| | ailment was of an unknown category,
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| health, security, etc. And certainly of
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| | treatment too was not possible.
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| course some more questions are related to
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| | Eventually it came to light that all of
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| this. For instance, exactly what chemical
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| | them used to catch fish in the far sea,
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| items are going to be produced there, and
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| | and consume that fish on a regular basis.
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| for whom; what is their requirement, who
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| | Harosuai, a physician at the local
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| are going to be the main consumer of the
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| | hospital, first turned attention towards
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| produced goods-are they Indians or
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| | the sea. After some time, the very same
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| foreigners, etc., etc.? Furthermore, if
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| | year a team of researchers from Kumamoto
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| it is meant for indigenous consumption,
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| | university discovered the presence of an
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| then what will be our policy regarding
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| | extraordinary level of mercury in the
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| chemical production? In fact, chemical
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| | waste rolling into the sea water, and
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| industry is not just another industry.
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| | they identified this as the cause of the
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| Its area is far more extended, and its
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| | lethal disease. The discovery led to a
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| impact too is far-reaching. In addition
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| | considerable stirring at the national
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| to this, chemical industry is directly
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| | level. But Kesso refused to admit the
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| connected with agricultural policy, and
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| | allegation and continued their production
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| various other questions related to
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| | as before. Neither did they have any
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| environment and habitation are also
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| | trouble amassing the governmental support
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| involved in this context.
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| | on their side. Instead of disinfecting
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| Today's chemical industry is not what it
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| | the environment the government only came
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| was a hundred years ago. Today it has
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| | down ruthlessly on the very report, which
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| sent tentacles into food processing,
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| | was stiffly opposed. The demonstration of
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| agricultural trade, manufacturing from
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| | local fishermen against Kesso was met
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| seeds to cosmetics, soft drinks and many
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| | with repression and torture on the part
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| different items. Besides installation of
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| | of the government. In the meanwhile
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| such a chemical zone involves great
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| | hundreds of cats, turned mad, started to
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| hazards at every step. The place where
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| | jump into the sea and thus commit
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| huge quantities of such a dangerous range
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| | suicide. Every now and then infected
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| of chemicals will be produced, will
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| | birds started dropping down from the sky
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| necessarily emit or spit up countless
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| | and falling dead. Various ailments
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| elements which are bound to be hazardous
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| | including physical deformities surfaced
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| for the environment, for the health and
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| | among the bulk of the human population of
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| security of the labourers, as also for
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| | the area.
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| vast numbers living in the adjacent
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| | Then at last Nippon Kesso geared itself
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| areas. Even apart from this, there always
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| | up to stop protest. They started
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| remains the possibility of some massive
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| | thrusting cash into the palms of the
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| accident, the kind of which had been
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| | infected. The government kept completely
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| witnessed in Bhopal. In this situation,
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| | silent on the matter. Neither did they
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| if the produced goods are again shipped
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| | announce any kind of compensation. On the
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| off abroad, why should we at all take
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| | other hand more than forty thousand
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| this additional risk of danger? We must
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| | people had waited till 1993 in the hope
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| give serious thought to the matter.
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| | of compensation. Neither was there any
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| According to the note issued by the State
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| | compensation, nor any pause in
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| Government here the hub will be engaged
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| | production, or any restrain in the
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| in making petrochemical products. The
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| | violation of nature. No order/ordinance
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| main problem of such chemicals producing
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| | was clamped on Kesso towards restraining
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| zone is the poisonous waste which is not
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| | or controlling this violation; instead a
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| less hazardous than radioactive nuclear
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| | ban was imposed upon the fishermen of the
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| waste by any account. Any chemical
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| | locality-that they could catch fish in
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| reaction lead to the production of
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| | the sea, but won't be allowed to consume
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| certain unwanted items which come to no
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| | that fish or any other sea-creature.
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| use any more. For instance , the lethally
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| | Furthermore, the news had already reached
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| poisonous Dioxin, or Furan, can be
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| | far and wide. As a result no customer was
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| mentioned. Besides there are the varied
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| | to be found for their fish. Consequently
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| polluting emissions which roll into the
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| | an enormous economic disaster confronted
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| air. Among the waste there are the heavy
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| | the fishermen of the entire area. In the
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| metal including mercury, arsenic, etc.
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| | meantime Kesso had started dumping its
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| Where will these go? It is quite
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| | waste into the adjacent river called
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| expensive to reduce or control the amount
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| | Minamata; carried along the flow of the
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| of poisonous waste. Who will shoulder
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| | river pollution now spread into other
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| this extra expense? All the industries
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| | cities as well, and there too the
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| indiscriminately dump this waste into
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| | diseases of Minamata began to spread.
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| adjacent rivers, canals or the sea. A
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| | Countless people died. And as there was
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| sizeable portion also enters the air as
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| | no cure for this ailment except pollution
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| black smoke. This creates a heavy layer
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| | control, the consequence of the Minamata
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| in the air, and innumerable minutest of
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| | disease too was extremely terrifying. It
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| the minute particles gather in the air
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| | is strange that Nippon Kesso had never
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| which lead to perforation in human lungs.
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| | admitted that the pollution caused by
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| The heavy elements spread over the soil,
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| | their waste was the precise cause of this
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| seep into the lower layers underneath,
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| | pestilence. Consequently none of the
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| roll into the water tanks of the
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| | affected has got any compensation till
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| locality. Gradually, the rivers, sea,
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| | date.
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| canals, tanks, forests, plantations,
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| | Since this is the fallout of chemical
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| everything get contaminated by the
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| | industry zone [or 'hub'] throughout the
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| poison. The strong poison seeps from the
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| | world, how far should it be wise or
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| surface through the soil into the
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| | practicable to build this type of
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| underground; drinking water gets
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| | industry zone in a densely populated
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| poisoned, which again in its turn attacks
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| | state like West Bengal, or a highly
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| the agricultural field. From there
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| | populated country like India? It is
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| through crops and corns the poison creeps
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| | desirable not to undertake any project of
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| into the bodies of humans and cattle,
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| | such potentially hazardous industry in a
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| poultry and fish leading to various
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| | place where there is no existing
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| severe incurable diseases. That is the
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| | appropriate governmental infrastructure
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| grim inevitability. Ultimately the whole
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| | to ensure public safety-security, where
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| zone ceases to be habitable any more.
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| | there is practically no existing system
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| Then the big companies too wind up their
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| | to control pollution. It is also
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| industry and sneak off elsewhere.
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| | noticeable that the government here is
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| 'Chemical Hub'! However fine the name may
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| | seeking to install 'chemical hub'
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| sound, this is but that old wine in new
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| | precisely in the Brazilian model. The raw
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| bottle. In many places of the world
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| | material will come from abroad; they will
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| industrial zones of this type have come
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| | use the water, land and cheap labour of
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| up. And the experience of those chemicals
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| | our country. Then the produced goods will
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| producing industry zones is not of
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| | be shipped off to other countries,
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| prosperity, but rather its opposite. A
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| | especially to those developed countries
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| glaring example of the kind of horrible
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| | which are adequately conscious of their
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| disaster that can fall upon a whole area
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| | health requirements, sufficiently vocal
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| in the wake of emissions from the long
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| | about protecting their own environment.
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| chain of factories is Kubatao, the
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| | In fact, it is under the pressure of
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| chemical industry city or 'hub' of
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| | environmental movements of the first
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| Brazil. During the decade of the
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| | world that the many big commercial
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| seventies, in the name of quick and
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| | houses are now in a rush for the third
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| largescale development and prosperity, it
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| | world shores in order to maintain their
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| had indiscriminately invited a host of
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| | rate of profit. Today the new chemical
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| investors. On the crest of a tidal wave
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| | industry control policy in Europe, called
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| of foreign investment, this industry city
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| | 'RICH', have been forcing the investors
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| came up there-crowned as 'the Chemical
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| | to look for new locations. 'RICH' is the
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| Capital of Brazil'; flanked by the
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| | abbreviated name of a policy called
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| flowing river, while Port Santos, the
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| | 'Registration Evaluation and
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| largest Latin American sea port stood
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| | Authorization of Chemicals'. Since the
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| close by, -- a flawless
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| | enforcement of this regulation it will
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| communication-transport system both by
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| | not be possible for them to shoulder all
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| land and water routes. To this was added
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| | the responsibility of protecting the
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| trade-friendly liberal industrial policy,
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| | environment and amassing the huge profit
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| cheap labour, unlimited tax concession,
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| | margin at the same time; it is precisely
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| land at nominal price, -- a free field
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| | for this reason that they have now been
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| for plundering. At that time no other
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| | on the lookout for new sites. The German
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| country in the world was agreeable to
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| | company, BASF has already declared in so
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| such an extent of concessions. Therefore,
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| | many words that this regulation is not
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| by getting the guarantee of biggest
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| | realistic; because this will multiply the
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| profit the investors had rushed for
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| | cost of building and running 'chemical
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| Brazil which provided for them the ideal
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| | hubs' to such a degree that customers
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| arena for unrestrained plunder. It seems
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| | will ultimately give up the consumption
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| much like the scene of today's West
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| | of chemicals. Yet Europe has not backed
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| Bengal or India.
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| | out from its earlier stance at all; not
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| Kubatao is the grim example of the
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| | only that, but they are also actively
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| horrible consequences of unplanned
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| | engaged in strengthening their own
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| haphazard investment, unrestrained
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| | chemical usage policy and imposing
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| trade, and the limitless concession to
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| | control over the use of many items.
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| export-oriented economy. Within just a
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| | Towards ensuring a pollution-free earth
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| single decade that city turned into the
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| | the Stockholm convention of 2001 had
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| valley of death. It is for this reason
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| | identified twelve specific chemicals as
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| that Kubatao is called 'the valley of
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| | the 'dirty dozen'. Recently many more
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| death.' The dense Atlantic forest that
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| | items are being added up to these
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| once covered the mountain ranges there
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| | compounds. That list includes undesirable
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| was completely destroyed. The river that
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| | poisonous waste like Dioxin, furan as
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| once quietly brimmed with life turned
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| | well as various chlorine-based
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| into a dead water reservoir. There was no
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| | insecticides including D.D.T., Eldrine ,
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| living creature inside the river any
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| | and poisonous by-products. These are
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| more; it was now carrying only poisonous
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| | called 'Persistent organic pollutant' or
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| water and some water plants. The city
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| | POP compound. This means that these are
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| slithered with poison all over its body.
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| | not only poisonous, these can continue
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| The air above is poisoned; so is the soil
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| | unabated in the environment for a long
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| below, the land, the forests. Kubatao
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| | time, and can even be bio-accumulative.
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| began to have infants born without the
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| | This means they can enter the vegetation
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| brains, infants who rarely survived and
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| | or animal body , through food chain and
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| were born deformed. It was difficult to
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| | can infect the human body through these.
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| draw one's breath in the heavy air, which
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| | Let us suppose this is sprinkled on the
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| severely lacked oxygen. The sky was dark
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| | grass; from there it enters the body of
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| even during day time. And sickness
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| | bovines and other cattle, from there
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| everywhere! Most of the residents of the
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| | again in the milk; through the milk
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| area had been suffering from
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| | seeping into the human body, which can
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| tuberculosis, or cancer, asthma or
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| | even percolate through the body of the
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| lungs-related various diseases. The once
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| | succeeding generation. A big range of
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| dense forests upon the hills had
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| | such poisonous chemicals are again
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| disappeared; in its place appeared some
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| | broadly classified as PBT, or 'Persistent
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| stray dwarfish sickly trees and plants ,
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| | Bio-accumulative Toxic Chemical'.
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| with leaves shaken off by the pungent
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| | In addition to this there are several
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| smoke of chemicals. Every now and then
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| | other compounds which are called
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| landslides occurred, killing many. This
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| | carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic to
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| was compounded by frequent acid rains. In
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| | reproduction, or CMR compounds. This
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| all a total disaster it was.
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| | refers to those chemical compounds which
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| By 1985 the situation of Kubatao went
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| | can lead to cancer, mutation (cell
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| completely out of control. In January
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| | splitting), and adversely affect
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| that year a continuous rain of two days
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| | reproduction. Many elements of the
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| and 15 inches was followed by a strange
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| | petrochemical industry are characterized
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| landslide. Hundreds and hundreds of
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| | by both these properties. Therefore,
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| displaced boulders came down crashing on
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| | Europe and America have imposed various
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| the valley of Kubatao. The gigantic
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| | restrictions in the areas of high volume
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| ammonia pipeline in Villa Parisi burst
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| | production. It is not difficult to guess
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| and within an instant thick pungent
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| | how far these restrictions are applicable
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| smoke, dense like cloud, shot up. Many
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| | in a country like India. Besides this
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| were injured in this accident, many fell
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| | there are also many hazards during
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| sick. Although initially the government
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| | application. The way dangerous chemicals
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| refused to admit, ultimately the
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| | are handled in this country with bare
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| administration was forced to make an
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| | hands, and without taking any precaution,
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| emergency evacuation of the entire region
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| | is enough to send cold shivers through
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| on war-footing. The governor of Sao
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| | the spine of any person with the minimum
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| Paolo officially declared emergency, and
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| | awareness. The question of additional
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| ordered the pollution control board of
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| | measures for labour security is better
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| the state to enforce an immediate curb on
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| | left unmentioned.
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| pollution, a thing which was impossible
| |
| | In the developed countries it is not only
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| at this stage. During the span of more
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| | that many chemicals are being banned, or
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| than twenty years that followed since,
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| | restrictions are being imposed on the
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| and in spite of the concerted effort of
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| | production of compounds classified as
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| many organizations, the pollution level
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| | POP, CMR, PBT; the proportion of
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| of Kubatao could not be lowered to the
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| | poisonous elements in industry waste is
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| below-danger level.
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| | subject to strict surveillance. In all
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| Brazil is not alone. Similar histories
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| | chemical industry faces a big challenge
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| lie scattered over the world. Even
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| | in Europe today. It may be mentioned that
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| within the territories of the USA itself
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| | there are some chemicals whose
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| it has been noticed how the adjacent
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| | synthesizing is restricted though not the
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| areas to chemical factories become
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| | use. The USA too has been imposing
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| infested with poison. Let us cast a
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| | stricter state control over chemicals
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| glance at Midland of the state of
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| | industry. The reason of all such
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| Michigan. Dow Chemical, one of the
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| | restriction is precisely the possibility
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| world's biggest producers of chemical
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| | of hazards related to this industry. Not
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| goods, has poisoned not only the water
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| | that it is impossible to produce by
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| of the Tittabaowasi river, but also the
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| | obeying all the restrictions; but that
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| underground layers beneath its basin. The
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| | should be enormously expensive. That is
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| local residents have launched movement
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| | why the multinational mega industrial
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| against this. Residents of the area have
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| | companies have been seeking out the third
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| filed suit against the Dowe Chemicals
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| | world countries. It is common knowledge
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| alleging its responsibility behind their
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| | that in these third world countries there
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| many ailments including cancer. The level
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| | is practically no such thing as proper
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| of poisonous Dioxin is extraordinarily
| |
| | system towards pollution control; neither
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| high there, which can lead not only to
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| | can the situation change overnight.
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| cancer, but also to serious complicated
| |
| | Therefore, if the production is shifted
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| ailments including heart-disease,
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| | to this location then the profit level
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| diabetes, skin-disease, deformity at
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| | can be maintained at ease. It is only too
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| birth, etc. The data figures in the
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| | clear that if West Bengal is turned into
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| bulletin of the Michigan Department of
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| | such an industrial colony under the
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| Environmental Quality. In Washington
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| | excuse of development, then ultimately it
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| various allegations have come up against
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| | will be a repeat of Kuabato; such an
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| Du Pont, the largest chemical corporate
| |
| | anxiety can prove only too real.
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| of the world. For instance, in the
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| | The government-adopted paradigm of
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| adjacent areas to Du Pont's factory in
| |
| | development, in accordance with the trend
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| Virginia, the tap water shows the
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| | of globalization , and by means of
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| presence of the poisonous C8 which is
| |
| | investment and export, is actually a plan
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| used in Teflon. When blood test of the
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| | of plunder to serve the interests of
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| local residents also exposed the presence
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| | multinational trade; and the effort to
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| of the same poisonous element, cases had
| |
| | set up chemical hub in West Bengal is but
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| been lodged against the company. It was
| |
| | a glaring example of that plan of
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| alleged that the company had deliberately
| |
| | plunder. And if it materializes , a
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| suppressed facts. In the Teflon case Du
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| | total disaster will be inevitable in the
|
| Pont had to pay more than ten million US
| |
| | coming days. In view of the standard and
|
| dollars towards compensation. It needs no
| |
| | infrastructure of pollution control in
|
| mention that even after Teflon had been
| |
| | our country, and moreover, in view of the
|
| banned in the USA it continued to be
| |
| | past record of the big multinational
|
| exported long afterwards. It should be
| |
| | trade and industry, it requires no great
|
| mentioned in this connection that there
| |
| | wisdom to foretell that wherever such an
|
| are many chemicals which have been banned
| |
| | industry zone comes up, a vast area
|
| in the developed countries, but are still
| |
| | around it will be turned into a graveyard
|
| being produced and used in the
| |
| | in near future. Agriculture, food, water,
|
| underdeveloped countries of the world.
| |
| | air, public health, everything will be
|
| [Author: Abhi Datta Majumdar; Professor,
| |
| | under attack. The moment they find it
|
| Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics,
| |
| | uncongenial to their interest all the
|
| Kolkata. Translation by Rama Kundu from
| |
| | time-servers of today will wind up their
|
| the Dainik Statesman, 29 & 30 June 2007]
| |
| | trade and scurry away; but they will
|
| [2]
| |
| | leave behind a poisonous killer field.
|
| [Author: Abhi Datta Majumdar; Professor,
| |
| | Those who knowingly or unknowingly,
|
| Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics,
| |
| | acting at the behest of foreign
|
| Kolkata. Translation by Rama Kundu from
| |
| | multinational companies, are taking
|
| the Dainik Statesman, 29 & 30 June 2007]
| |
| | initiative to set up this chemical hub,
|
| Let us now look back from North America
| |
| | are actually forcing the countrymen to a
|
| to Asia. In Japan, towards the West of
| |
| | devastating, horrible, grim hell. In the
|
| Kauusu there is a small coastal village,
| |
| | name of industrialization they are
|
| called Minamata. During the early years
| |
| | actually going to stop all roads to
|
| of the last century there came up the
| |
| | development, and stop them permanently.
|
| carbide factory of the Nippon Kesso
| |
| | Posterity will not forgive any of them
|
| Company in Minamata. As they could not
| |
| | for this crime.
|
| garner enough profit by producing carbide
| |
| | [Author: Abhi Datta Majumdar; Professor,
|
| only, they gradually started
| |
| | Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics,
|
| manufacturing from carbide calcium
| |
| | Kolkata.
|
